{"id":287,"date":"2025-04-04T18:25:11","date_gmt":"2025-04-04T22:25:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/?page_id=287"},"modified":"2025-07-28T11:36:31","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T15:36:31","slug":"5-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/data8\/5-0\/5-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Cap\u00edtulo 5.1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"position: relative\">\n<div style=\"float: left;width: 300px;background-color: #f5f5f5;border: 1px solid #ddd;border-radius: 5px;padding: 15px;margin-right: 20px;margin-bottom: 5px;overflow: hidden\">\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0;padding-bottom: 8px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">\u00cdndice<\/h3>\n<ol style=\"margin: 0;padding-left: 0;list-style-type: none\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/\">1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/\">1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-1\/\">1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-2\/\">1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-2\/\">1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/\">1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-1\/\">1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-2\/\">1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/\">2. Causalidade e Experimentos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-1\/\">2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-2\/\">2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-3\/\">2.3. Estabelecendo Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-4\/\">2.4. Randomiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-5\/\">2.5. Notas Finais<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/\">3. Progamando em Python<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-1\/\">3.1. Express\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/\">3.2. Nomes<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/2-1\/\">3.2.1. Exemplo: Taxas de Crescimento<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-3\/\">3.3. Chamadas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-4\/\">3.4. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Tabelas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/\">4. Tipos de Dados<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-1\/\">4.1. N\u00fameros<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/\">4.2. Strings<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/2-1\/\">4.2.1. M\u00e9todos de Strings<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-3\/\">4.3. Compara\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/\">5. Sequ\u00eancias<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-1\/\">5.1. Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-2\/\">5.2. Ranges<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-3\/\">5.3. Mais sobre Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/\">6. Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-1\/\">6.1. Ordenando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-2\/\">6.2. Selecionando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-3\/\">6.3. Exemplo: Tend\u00eancias Populacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-4\/\">6.4. Examplo: Propor\u00e7\u00f5es de Sexos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/\">7. Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-1\/\">7.1. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es<br \/>\n                        Categ\u00f3ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-2\/\">7.2. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Num\u00e9ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-3\/\">7.3. Gr\u00e1ficos Sobrepostos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/\">8. Fun\u00e7\u00f5es e Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-1\/\">8.1. Aplicando Fun\u00e7\u00e3o a uma Coluna<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-2\/\">8.2. Classificando por uma Vari\u00e1vel<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-3\/\">8.3. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Cruzada<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-4\/\">8.4. Unindo Tabelas por Colunas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-5\/\">8.5. Compartilhamento de Bicicletas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/\">9. Aleatoriedade<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-1\/\">9.1. Declara\u00e7\u00f5es Condicionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-2\/\">9.2. Itera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-3\/\">9.3. Simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-4\/\">9.4. O Problema de Monty Hall<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-5\/\">9.5. Encontrando Probabilidades<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/\">10. Amostragem e Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-1\/\">10.1. Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-2\/\">10.2. Amostragem de uma Popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-3\/\">10.3. Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Emp\u00edrica de uma<br \/>\n                        Estat\u00edstica<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-4\/\">10.4. Amostragem Aleat\u00f3ria em Python <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/\">11. Testando Hip\u00f3teses<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-1\/\">11.1. Avaliando um Modelo<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-2\/\">11.2. M\u00faltiplas Categorias<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-3\/\">11.3. Decis\u00f5es e Incertezas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-4\/\">11.4. Probabilidades de Erro<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/\">12. Comparando Duas Amostras<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-1\/\">12.1. Teste A\/B<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-2\/\">12.2. Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-3\/\">12.3. Esvaziar<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/\">13. Estima\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-1\/\">13.1. Percentis<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-2\/\">13.2. O Bootstrap<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-3\/\">13.3. Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-4\/\">13.4. Usando Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/\">14. Por que a M\u00e9dia \u00e9 Importante<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-1\/\">14.1. Propriedades da M\u00e9dia<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-2\/\">14.2. Variabilidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-3\/\">14.3. O DP e a Curva Normal<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-4\/\">14.4. Teorema Central do Limite<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-5\/\">14.5. Variabilidade da M\u00e9dia da Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-6\/\">14.6. Escolhendo um Tamanho de Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/\">15. Previs\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-1\/\">15.1. Correla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-2\/\">15.2. Linha de Regress\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-3\/\">15.3. M\u00e9todo dos M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-4\/\">15.4. Regress\u00e3o de M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-5\/\">15.5. Diagn\u00f3sticos Visuais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-6\/\">15.6. Diagn\u00f3stico Num\u00e9rico<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<p>    <!-- Main Content --><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow: hidden\">\n<p>        <!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">from datascience import *\r\npath_data = '..\/..\/..\/assets\/data\/'<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 id=\"arrays\" style=\"text-align: center\">Arrays<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Enquanto existem muitos tipos de cole\u00e7\u00f5es em Python, trabalharemos principalmente com arrays nesta aula. J\u00e1 vimos que a fun\u00e7\u00e3o <code>make_array<\/code> pode ser usada para criar arrays de n\u00fameros.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Arrays tamb\u00e9m podem conter strings ou outros tipos de valores, mas um \u00fanico array s\u00f3 pode conter um \u00fanico tipo de dados. (Normalmente n\u00e3o faz sentido agrupar dados diferentes de qualquer maneira.) Por exemplo:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">english_parts_of_speech = make_array(\"noun\", \"pronoun\", \"verb\", \"adverb\", \"adjective\", \"conjunction\", \"preposition\", \"interjection\")\r\nenglish_parts_of_speech<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[2]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([&#8216;noun&#8217;, &#8216;pronoun&#8217;, &#8216;verb&#8217;, &#8216;adverb&#8217;, &#8216;adjective&#8217;, &#8216;conjunction&#8217;,<br \/>\n                    &#8216;preposition&#8217;, &#8216;interjection&#8217;], dtype='&lt;U12&#8242;)\n                <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Voltando aos dados de temperatura, criamos arrays de temperaturas m\u00e9dias di\u00e1rias <a href=\"http:\/\/berkeleyearth.lbl.gov\/auto\/Regional\/TMAX\/Text\/global-land-TMAX-Trend.txt\">altas<\/a> para as d\u00e9cadas em torno de 1850, 1900, 1950 e 2000.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">baseline_high = 14.48\r\nhighs = make_array(baseline_high - 0.880,\r\n                   baseline_high - 0.093,\r\n                   baseline_high + 0.105,\r\n                   baseline_high + 0.684)\r\nhighs<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[3]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([13.6 , 14.387, 14.585, 15.164])<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Arrays podem ser usados em express\u00f5es aritm\u00e9ticas para calcular sobre seus conte\u00fados. Quando um array \u00e9 combinado com um \u00fanico n\u00famero, esse n\u00famero \u00e9 combinado com cada elemento do array. Portanto, podemos converter todas essas temperaturas para Fahrenheit escrevendo a f\u00f3rmula de convers\u00e3o familiar.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">(9\/5) * highs + 32<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[4]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([56.48 , 57.8966, 58.253 , 59.2952])<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        <img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-288 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/04\/array_arithmetic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1017\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/04\/array_arithmetic.png 1017w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/04\/array_arithmetic-300x73.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/04\/array_arithmetic-768x188.png 768w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/04\/array_arithmetic-730x179.png 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1017px) 100vw, 1017px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Arrays tamb\u00e9m t\u00eam <em>m\u00e9todos<\/em>, que s\u00e3o fun\u00e7\u00f5es que operam nos valores do array. A <code>mean<\/code> de uma cole\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00fameros \u00e9 seu valor m\u00e9dio: a soma dividida pelo comprimento. Cada par de par\u00eanteses nos exemplos abaixo faz parte de uma express\u00e3o de chamada; est\u00e1 chamando uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o sem argumentos para realizar um c\u00e1lculo no array chamado <code>highs<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">highs.size<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[5]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">highs.sum()<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[6]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">57.736000000000004<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">highs.mean()<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[7]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">14.434000000000001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"fun-es-em-arrays\">Fun\u00e7\u00f5es em Arrays<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O pacote <code>numpy<\/code>, abreviado como <code>np<\/code> em programas, fornece aos programadores Python fun\u00e7\u00f5es convenientes e poderosas para criar e manipular arrays.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">import numpy as np<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Por exemplo, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o <code>diff<\/code> calcula a diferen\u00e7a entre cada par adjacente de elementos em um array. O primeiro elemento da <code>diff<\/code> \u00e9 o segundo elemento menos o primeiro.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">np.diff(highs)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[9]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([0.787, 0.198, 0.579])<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A <a href=\"http:\/\/docs.scipy.org\/doc\/numpy\/reference\/\">refer\u00eancia completa do Numpy<\/a> lista exaustivamente essas fun\u00e7\u00f5es, mas apenas um pequeno subconjunto \u00e9 comumente usado para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de processamento de dados. Estes s\u00e3o agrupados em diferentes pacotes dentro de <code>np<\/code>. Aprender esse vocabul\u00e1rio \u00e9 uma parte importante da aprendizagem da linguagem Python, ent\u00e3o consulte esta lista com frequ\u00eancia enquanto trabalha em exemplos e problemas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">No entanto, voc\u00ea <strong>n\u00e3o precisa memorizar esses<\/strong>. Use isso como refer\u00eancia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cada uma dessas fun\u00e7\u00f5es recebe um array como argumento e retorna um \u00fanico valor.<\/p>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto\" border=\"1\" align=\"center\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;min-width: 120px\"><strong>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;min-width: 300px\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.prod<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Multiplica todos os elementos juntos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.sum<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Adiciona todos os elementos juntos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.all<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Testa se todos os elementos s\u00e3o valores verdadeiros (n\u00fameros diferentes de zero s\u00e3o verdade)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.any<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Testa se alguns elementos s\u00e3o valores verdadeiros (n\u00fameros diferentes de zero s\u00e3o verdade)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.count_nonzero<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Conta o n\u00famero de elementos diferentes de zero<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cada uma dessas fun\u00e7\u00f5es recebe um array como argumento e retorna um array de valores.<\/p>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-top: 20px\" border=\"1\" align=\"center\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;min-width: 120px\"><strong>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;min-width: 300px\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.diff<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Diferen\u00e7a entre elementos adjacentes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.round<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Arredonda cada n\u00famero para o inteiro mais pr\u00f3ximo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.cumprod<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Um produto acumulado: para cada elemento, multiplique todos os elementos at\u00e9 agora<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.cumsum<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Uma soma cumulativa: para cada elemento, adicione todos os elementos at\u00e9 agora<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.exp<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Exponencie cada elemento<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.log<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Tire o logaritmo natural de cada elemento<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.sqrt<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Tire a raiz quadrada de cada elemento<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.sort<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Classificar os elementos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cada uma dessas fun\u00e7\u00f5es recebe um array de strings e retorna um array.<\/p>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-top: 20px\" border=\"1\" align=\"center\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;min-width: 120px\"><strong>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;min-width: 300px\"><strong>Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.lower<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Letras min\u00fasculas de cada elemento<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.upper<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Letras mai\u00fasculas de cada elemento<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.strip<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Remover espa\u00e7os no in\u00edcio ou no final de cada elemento<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.isalpha<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Se cada elemento cont\u00e9m apenas letras (sem n\u00fameros ou s\u00edmbolos)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.isnumeric<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Se cada elemento cont\u00e9m apenas n\u00fameros (sem letras)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cada uma dessas fun\u00e7\u00f5es recebe tanto um array de strings quanto uma <em>string de pesquisa<\/em>; cada uma retorna um array.<\/p>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-top: 20px\" border=\"1\" align=\"center\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;min-width: 120px\"><strong>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;min-width: 300px\"><strong>Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.count<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Contar o n\u00famero de vezes que uma string de pesquisa aparece entre os elementos de um array<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.find<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">A posi\u00e7\u00e3o dentro de cada elemento em que uma string de pesquisa \u00e9 encontrada primeiro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.rfind<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">A posi\u00e7\u00e3o dentro de cada elemento em que uma string de pesquisa \u00e9 encontrada por \u00faltimo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>np.char.startswith<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Se cada elemento come\u00e7a com a string de pesquisa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        &nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/\">\u2190 Cap\u00edtulo 5 &#8211; Sequ\u00eancias<\/a><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-2\/\">Cap\u00edtulo 5.2 &#8211; Ranges \u2192<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>        <!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both;height: 1px;margin-top: -1px\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cdndice 1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o 1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais 1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas 1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos 1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios 1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem 2. Causalidade e Experimentos 2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street 2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow 2.3. Estabelecendo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21894,"featured_media":0,"parent":281,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[14],"class_list":["post-287","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21894"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=287"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/287\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":517,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/287\/revisions\/517"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/281"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}