{"id":412,"date":"2025-07-22T18:24:02","date_gmt":"2025-07-22T22:24:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/?page_id=412"},"modified":"2025-09-28T00:51:36","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T04:51:36","slug":"6-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/data8\/6-0\/6-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Cap\u00edtulo 6.3"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"position: relative\">\n<div style=\"float: left;width: 300px;background-color: #f5f5f5;border: 1px solid #ddd;border-radius: 5px;padding: 15px;margin-right: 20px;margin-bottom: 5px;overflow: hidden\">\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0;padding-bottom: 8px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">\u00cdndice<\/h3>\n<ol style=\"margin: 0;padding-left: 0;list-style-type: none\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/\">1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/\">1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-1\/\">1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-2\/\">1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-2\/\">1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/\">1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-1\/\">1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-2\/\">1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/\">2. Causalidade e Experimentos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-1\/\">2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-2\/\">2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-3\/\">2.3. Estabelecendo Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-4\/\">2.4. Randomiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-5\/\">2.5. Notas Finais<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/\">3. Progamando em Python<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-1\/\">3.1. Express\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/\">3.2. Nomes<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/2-1\/\">3.2.1. Exemplo: Taxas de Crescimento<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-3\/\">3.3. Chamadas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-4\/\">3.4. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Tabelas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/\">4. Tipos de Dados<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-1\/\">4.1. N\u00fameros<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/\">4.2. Strings<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/2-1\/\">4.2.1. M\u00e9todos de Strings<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-3\/\">4.3. Compara\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/\">5. Sequ\u00eancias<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-1\/\">5.1. Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-2\/\">5.2. Ranges<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-3\/\">5.3. Mais sobre Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/\">6. Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-1\/\">6.1. Ordenando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-2\/\">6.2. Selecionando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-3\/\">6.3. Exemplo: Tend\u00eancias Populacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-4\/\">6.4. Examplo: Propor\u00e7\u00f5es de Sexos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/\">7. Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-1\/\">7.1. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es<br \/>\nCateg\u00f3ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-2\/\">7.2. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Num\u00e9ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-3\/\">7.3. Gr\u00e1ficos Sobrepostos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/\">8. Fun\u00e7\u00f5es e Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-1\/\">8.1. Aplicando Fun\u00e7\u00e3o a uma Coluna<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-2\/\">8.2. Classificando por uma Vari\u00e1vel<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-3\/\">8.3. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Cruzada<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-4\/\">8.4. Unindo Tabelas por Colunas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-5\/\">8.5. Compartilhamento de Bicicletas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/\">9. Aleatoriedade<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-1\/\">9.1. Declara\u00e7\u00f5es Condicionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-2\/\">9.2. Itera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-3\/\">9.3. Simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-4\/\">9.4. O Problema de Monty Hall<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-5\/\">9.5. Encontrando Probabilidades<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/\">10. Amostragem e Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-1\/\">10.1. Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-2\/\">10.2. Amostragem de uma Popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-3\/\">10.3. Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Emp\u00edrica de uma<br \/>\nEstat\u00edstica<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-4\/\">10.4. Amostragem Aleat\u00f3ria em Python <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/\">11. Testando Hip\u00f3teses<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-1\/\">11.1. Avaliando um Modelo<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-2\/\">11.2. M\u00faltiplas Categorias<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-3\/\">11.3. Decis\u00f5es e Incertezas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-4\/\">11.4. Probabilidades de Erro<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/\">12. Comparando Duas Amostras<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-1\/\">12.1. Teste A\/B<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-2\/\">12.2. Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-3\/\">12.3. Esvaziar<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/\">13. Estima\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-1\/\">13.1. Percentis<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-2\/\">13.2. O Bootstrap<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-3\/\">13.3. Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-4\/\">13.4. Usando Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/\">14. Por que a M\u00e9dia \u00e9 Importante<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-1\/\">14.1. Propriedades da M\u00e9dia<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-2\/\">14.2. Variabilidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-3\/\">14.3. O DP e a Curva Normal<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-4\/\">14.4. Teorema Central do Limite<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-5\/\">14.5. Variabilidade da M\u00e9dia da Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-6\/\">14.6. Escolhendo um Tamanho de Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/\">15. Previs\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-1\/\">15.1. Correla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-2\/\">15.2. Linha de Regress\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-3\/\">15.3. M\u00e9todo dos M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-4\/\">15.4. Regress\u00e3o de M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-5\/\">15.5. Diagn\u00f3sticos Visuais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-6\/\">15.6. Diagn\u00f3stico Num\u00e9rico<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Main Content --><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow: hidden\">\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">from datascience import *\r\nimport numpy as np\r\npath_data = '..\/..\/..\/assets\/data\/'\r\nnp.set_printoptions(threshold=50)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<h1 id=\"exemplo-tend-ncias-populacionais\" style=\"text-align: center\">Exemplo: Tend\u00eancias Populacionais<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Agora estamos prontos para trabalhar com grandes tabelas de dados. O arquivo abaixo cont\u00e9m &#8220;Estimativas anuais da popula\u00e7\u00e3o residente por ano \u00fanico de idade e sexo para os Estados Unidos.&#8221; Observe que <code>read_table<\/code> pode ler dados diretamente de um URL.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\"># A partir de agosto de 2021, este arquivo do censo est\u00e1 online aqui:\r\ndata = 'http:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/popest\/technical-documentation\/file-layouts\/2010-2019\/nc-est2019-agesex-res.csv'\r\n\r\n# Uma c\u00f3pia local pode ser acessada aqui caso o census.gov mova o arquivo:\r\n# data = path_data + 'nc-est2019-agesex-res.csv'\r\n\r\nfull_census_table = Table.read_table(data)\r\nfull_census_table<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: 197%;margin-left: 1em;height: 288px\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">SEX<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">AGE<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">CENSUS2010POP<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">ESTIMATESBASE2010<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2010<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2011<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2012<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2013<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2014<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2015<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2016<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2017<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2018<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px;height: 24px\">POPESTIMATE2019<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3944153<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3944160<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3951430<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3963092<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3926570<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3931258<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3954787<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3983981<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3954773<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3893990<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3815343<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3783052<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3978070<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3978090<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3957730<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3966225<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3977549<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3942698<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3948891<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3973133<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4002903<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3972711<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3908830<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3829599<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4096929<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4096939<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4090621<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3970654<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3978925<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3991740<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3958711<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3966321<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3991349<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4020045<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3987032<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3922044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4119040<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4119051<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4111688<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4101644<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3981531<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3991017<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4005928<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3974351<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3982984<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4006946<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4033038<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3998665<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4063170<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4063186<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4077346<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4121488<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4111490<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3992502<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4004032<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4020292<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3989750<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">3997280<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4018719<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4043323<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4056858<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4056872<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4064521<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4087054<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4131049<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4121876<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4004576<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4017589<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4035033<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4003452<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4008443<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4028281<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4066381<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4066412<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4072904<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4074531<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4096631<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4141126<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4133372<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4017388<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4031568<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4048018<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4014057<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4017227<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4030579<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4030594<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4042990<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4082821<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4084175<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4106756<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4152666<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4145872<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4030888<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4044139<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4058370<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4022319<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4046486<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4046497<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4025501<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4052773<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4092559<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4094513<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4118349<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4165033<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4158848<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4042924<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4054236<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4066194<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4148353<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4148369<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4125312<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4035319<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4062726<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4103052<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4106068<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4130887<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4177895<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4170813<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4053179<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;height: 24px\">4061874<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic;height: 24px\" colspan=\"14\">&#8230; (296 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Apenas as 10 primeiras linhas da tabela s\u00e3o exibidas. Mais tarde, veremos como exibir a tabela inteira; no entanto, isso geralmente n\u00e3o \u00e9 \u00fatil com tabelas grandes.<\/p>\n<p>Uma <a href=\"https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/popest\/technical-documentation\/file-layouts\/2010-2019\/nc-est2019-agesex-res.pdf\">descri\u00e7\u00e3o da tabela<\/a> est\u00e1 dispon\u00edvel online.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A coluna <code>SEX<\/code> cont\u00e9m c\u00f3digos num\u00e9ricos: <code>0<\/code> representa o total, <code>1<\/code> para masculino e <code>2<\/code> para feminino. As suposi\u00e7\u00f5es subjacentes a essa categoriza\u00e7\u00e3o bin\u00e1ria s\u00e3o question\u00e1veis. Discutiremos isso na pr\u00f3xima se\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nesta se\u00e7\u00e3o, nos concentraremos na idade e no tamanho da popula\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A coluna <code>AGE<\/code> cont\u00e9m idades em anos completos, mas o valor especial <code>999<\/code> \u00e9 a soma da popula\u00e7\u00e3o total. A &#8220;idade&#8221; <code>100<\/code> tamb\u00e9m tem um status especial. Nessa categoria, o Census Bureau inclui todas as pessoas com 100 anos ou mais.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">As outras colunas cont\u00eam estimativas da popula\u00e7\u00e3o dos EUA em cada categoria de sexo e idade nos anos de 2010 a 2019. O Censo \u00e9 decenal: ocorre a cada 10 anos. O Censo mais recente foi realizado em 2020 e o anterior em 2010. O Census Bureau tamb\u00e9m estima mudan\u00e7as na popula\u00e7\u00e3o a cada ano. Conforme explicado na descri\u00e7\u00e3o da metodologia do Bureau <a href=\"https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/popest\/technical-documentation\/methodology\/2010-2020\/methods-statement-v2020-final.pdf\">aqui<\/a>, ele &#8220;adiciona [as mudan\u00e7as estimadas] ao \u00faltimo censo decenal para produzir estimativas de popula\u00e7\u00e3o atualizadas a cada ano.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Tipicamente, uma tabela de acesso p\u00fablico conter\u00e1 mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es do que o necess\u00e1rio para uma investiga\u00e7\u00e3o ou an\u00e1lise espec\u00edfica. Para tornar a tabela grande mais utiliz\u00e1vel, precisamos fazer alguma <em>limpeza de dados<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Suponha que estamos interessados apenas nas mudan\u00e7as populacionais de 2014 a 2019. Vamos <code>select<\/code> as colunas relevantes.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">partial_census_table = full_census_table.select('SEX', 'AGE', 'POPESTIMATE2014', 'POPESTIMATE2019')\r\npartial_census_table<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">SEX<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">AGE<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">POPESTIMATE2014<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">POPESTIMATE2019<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3954787<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3783052<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3948891<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3829599<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3958711<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3922044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4005928<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3998665<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4004032<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4043323<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4004576<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4028281<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4133372<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4017227<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4152666<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4022319<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4118349<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4066194<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4106068<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4061874<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"4\">&#8230; (296 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Podemos simplificar os r\u00f3tulos das colunas selecionadas.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">us_pop = partial_census_table.relabeled('POPESTIMATE2014', '2014').relabeled('POPESTIMATE2019', '2019')\r\nus_pop<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">SEX<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">AGE<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2014<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2019<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3954787<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3783052<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3948891<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3829599<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3958711<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3922044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4005928<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3998665<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4004032<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4043323<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4004576<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4028281<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4133372<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4017227<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4152666<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4022319<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4118349<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4066194<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4106068<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4061874<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"4\">&#8230; (296 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"idades-97-100\">Idades 97-100<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Como aquecimento, vamos examinar a popula\u00e7\u00e3o total, rotulada pelo c\u00f3digo <code>SEX<\/code> 0. Como todas essas linhas ter\u00e3o o mesmo valor 0 na coluna <code>SEX<\/code>, eliminaremos essa coluna.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">us_pop_by_age = us_pop.where('SEX', are.equal_to(0)).drop('SEX')\r\nus_pop_by_age<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">AGE<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2014<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2019<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3954787<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3783052<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3948891<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3829599<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3958711<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3922044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4005928<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3998665<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4004032<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4043323<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4004576<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4028281<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4133372<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4017227<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4152666<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4022319<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4118349<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4066194<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4106068<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4061874<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"3\">&#8230; (92 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Agora vamos olhar para a popula\u00e7\u00e3o nas idades mais avan\u00e7adas.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">us_pop_by_age.where('AGE', are.between(97, 101))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">AGE<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2014<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2019<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">97<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">82948<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">116969<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">98<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">59546<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">86150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">99<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">41277<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">57124<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">100<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">70685<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">100322<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Como era de se esperar, o n\u00famero de pessoas em idades mais avan\u00e7adas \u00e9 menor. Por exemplo, h\u00e1 menos pessoas de 99 anos do que de 98 anos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mas os n\u00fameros para a idade <code>AGE<\/code> 100 s\u00e3o bastante maiores do que aqueles para a idade 99. Isso ocorre porque a linha com <code>AGE<\/code> 100 n\u00e3o representa apenas pessoas de 100 anos. Tamb\u00e9m inclui aquelas que t\u00eam mais de 100 anos.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"mudan-a-percentual\">Mudan\u00e7a Percentual<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cada coluna da tabela <code>us_pop_by_age<\/code> \u00e9 uma matriz do mesmo comprimento, e assim as colunas podem ser combinadas usando aritm\u00e9tica. A matriz abaixo cont\u00e9m a mudan\u00e7a na popula\u00e7\u00e3o entre 2014 e 2019. H\u00e1 uma entrada correspondente a cada linha de <code>us_pop_by_age<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">change = us_pop_by_age.column('2019') - us_pop_by_age.column('2014')\r\nchange<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([-171735, -119292, -36667, &#8230;, 15847, 29637, 9938515])<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Podemos aumentar <code>us_pop_by_age<\/code> com uma coluna que contenha essas mudan\u00e7as, tanto em termos absolutos quanto como porcentagens relativas ao valor em 2014.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">us_pop_change = us_pop_by_age.with_columns(\r\n    'Change', change,\r\n    'Percent Change', change\/us_pop_by_age.column('2014')\r\n)\r\nus_pop_change.set_format('Percent Change', PercentFormatter)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">AGE<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2014<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2019<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Change<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Percent Change<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3954787<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3783052<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-171735<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-4.34%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3948891<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3829599<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-119292<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-3.02%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3958711<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3922044<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-36667<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-0.93%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4005928<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3998665<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-7263<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-0.18%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4004032<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4043323<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">39291<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0.98%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4004576<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4028281<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">23705<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">0.59%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4133372<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4017227<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-116145<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-2.81%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4152666<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4022319<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-130347<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-3.14%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4118349<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4066194<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-52155<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-1.27%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4106068<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4061874<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-44194<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">-1.08%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"5\">&#8230; (92 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Quase todas as entradas exibidas na coluna <code>Percent Change<\/code> s\u00e3o negativas, demonstrando uma queda na popula\u00e7\u00e3o nas faixas et\u00e1rias mais jovens. No entanto, a popula\u00e7\u00e3o total cresceu em cerca de 9,9 milh\u00f5es de pessoas, um aumento percentual de pouco mais de 3%.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">us_pop_change.where('AGE', are.equal_to(999))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">AGE<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2014<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2019<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Change<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Percent Change<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">999<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">318301008<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">328239523<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9938515<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3.12%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vamos comparar isso com a mudan\u00e7a em cada idade. Para facilitar a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o, ordenaremos a tabela em ordem decrescente da mudan\u00e7a absoluta na popula\u00e7\u00e3o, contida na coluna <code>CHANGE<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">us_pop_change.where(\r\n    'AGE', are.below(999)\r\n).sort('Change', descending=True)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">AGE<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2014<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">2019<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Change<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Percent Change<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">72<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2191642<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3191048<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">999406<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">45.60%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">68<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2567511<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3345475<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">777964<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">30.30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">69<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2530460<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3252423<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">721963<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">28.53%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">70<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2461426<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3136704<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">675278<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">27.43%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">71<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2516392<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3083083<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">566691<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">22.52%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">76<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1692960<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2222392<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">529432<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">31.27%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">62<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3677408<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4156645<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">479237<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">13.03%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">28<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4345247<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4818725<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">473478<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">10.90%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">64<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3481789<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3950578<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">468789<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">13.46%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">38<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3848856<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4305576<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">456720<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">11.87%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"5\">&#8230; (91 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">D\u00ea uma olhada nas primeiras linhas. Enquanto a mudan\u00e7a percentual \u00e9 cerca de 3% para a popula\u00e7\u00e3o geral, ela salta para bem mais de 20% para as pessoas em seus finais dos sessenta e in\u00edcio dos setenta anos. Essa mudan\u00e7a impressionante contribui para o que \u00e9 conhecido como o envelhecimento da Am\u00e9rica.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O que poderia explicar esse grande aumento? Podemos explorar essa quest\u00e3o examinando os anos em que os grupos relevantes nasceram.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Aqueles que estavam na faixa et\u00e1ria de 69 a 72 anos em 2014 nasceram nos anos de 1942 a 1945. O ataque a Pearl Harbor ocorreu no final de 1941 e, em 1942, as for\u00e7as dos EUA estavam fortemente envolvidas em uma guerra massiva que terminou em 1945.<\/li>\n<li>Aqueles que tinham de 69 a 72 anos em 2019 nasceram nos anos de 1947 a 1950, no auge do baby boom do p\u00f3s-Segunda Guerra Mundial nos Estados Unidos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O salto p\u00f3s-guerra nos nascimentos \u00e9 uma das principais raz\u00f5es para as grandes mudan\u00e7as que observamos.<\/p>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-2\/\">\u2190 Cap\u00edtulo 6.2 &#8211; Selecionando Linhas<\/a><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-4\/\">Cap\u00edtulo 6.4 &#8211; Exemplo: Propor\u00e7\u00f5es de Sexos \u2192<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both;height: 1px;margin-top: -1px\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cdndice 1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o 1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais 1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas 1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos 1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios 1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem 2. Causalidade e Experimentos 2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street 2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow 2.3. Estabelecendo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21894,"featured_media":0,"parent":394,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[14],"class_list":["post-412","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21894"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=412"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":942,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/412\/revisions\/942"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/394"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}