{"id":425,"date":"2025-07-22T19:25:40","date_gmt":"2025-07-22T23:25:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/?page_id=425"},"modified":"2025-09-28T18:32:38","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T22:32:38","slug":"7-0","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/data8\/7-0\/","title":{"rendered":"Cap\u00edtulo 7"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"position: relative\">\n<div style=\"float: left;width: 300px;background-color: #f5f5f5;border: 1px solid #ddd;border-radius: 5px;padding: 15px;margin-right: 20px;margin-bottom: 5px;overflow: hidden\">\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0;padding-bottom: 8px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">\u00cdndice<\/h3>\n<ol style=\"margin: 0;padding-left: 0;list-style-type: none\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/\">1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/\">1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-1\/\">1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-2\/\">1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-2\/\">1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/\">1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-1\/\">1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-2\/\">1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/\">2. Causalidade e Experimentos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-1\/\">2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-2\/\">2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-3\/\">2.3. Estabelecendo Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-4\/\">2.4. Randomiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-5\/\">2.5. Notas Finais<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/\">3. Progamando em Python<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-1\/\">3.1. Express\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/\">3.2. Nomes<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/2-1\/\">3.2.1. Exemplo: Taxas de Crescimento<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-3\/\">3.3. Chamadas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-4\/\">3.4. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Tabelas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/\">4. Tipos de Dados<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-1\/\">4.1. N\u00fameros<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/\">4.2. Strings<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/2-1\/\">4.2.1. M\u00e9todos de Strings<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-3\/\">4.3. Compara\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/\">5. Sequ\u00eancias<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-1\/\">5.1. Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-2\/\">5.2. Ranges<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-3\/\">5.3. Mais sobre Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/\">6. Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-1\/\">6.1. Ordenando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-2\/\">6.2. Selecionando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-3\/\">6.3. Exemplo: Tend\u00eancias Populacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-4\/\">6.4. Examplo: Propor\u00e7\u00f5es de Sexos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/\">7. Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-1\/\">7.1. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es<br \/>\nCateg\u00f3ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-2\/\">7.2. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Num\u00e9ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-3\/\">7.3. Gr\u00e1ficos Sobrepostos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/\">8. Fun\u00e7\u00f5es e Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-1\/\">8.1. Aplicando Fun\u00e7\u00e3o a uma Coluna<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-2\/\">8.2. Classificando por uma Vari\u00e1vel<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-3\/\">8.3. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Cruzada<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-4\/\">8.4. Unindo Tabelas por Colunas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-5\/\">8.5. Compartilhamento de Bicicletas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/\">9. Aleatoriedade<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-1\/\">9.1. Declara\u00e7\u00f5es Condicionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-2\/\">9.2. Itera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-3\/\">9.3. Simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-4\/\">9.4. O Problema de Monty Hall<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-5\/\">9.5. Encontrando Probabilidades<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/\">10. Amostragem e Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-1\/\">10.1. Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-2\/\">10.2. Amostragem de uma Popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-3\/\">10.3. Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Emp\u00edrica de uma<br \/>\nEstat\u00edstica<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-4\/\">10.4. Amostragem Aleat\u00f3ria em Python <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/\">11. Testando Hip\u00f3teses<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-1\/\">11.1. Avaliando um Modelo<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-2\/\">11.2. M\u00faltiplas Categorias<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-3\/\">11.3. Decis\u00f5es e Incertezas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-4\/\">11.4. Probabilidades de Erro<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/\">12. Comparando Duas Amostras<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-1\/\">12.1. Teste A\/B<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-2\/\">12.2. Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-3\/\">12.3. Esvaziar<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/\">13. Estima\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-1\/\">13.1. Percentis<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-2\/\">13.2. O Bootstrap<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-3\/\">13.3. Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-4\/\">13.4. Usando Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/\">14. Por que a M\u00e9dia \u00e9 Importante<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-1\/\">14.1. Propriedades da M\u00e9dia<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-2\/\">14.2. Variabilidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-3\/\">14.3. O DP e a Curva Normal<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-4\/\">14.4. Teorema Central do Limite<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-5\/\">14.5. Variabilidade da M\u00e9dia da Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-6\/\">14.6. Escolhendo um Tamanho de Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/\">15. Previs\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-1\/\">15.1. Correla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-2\/\">15.2. Linha de Regress\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-3\/\">15.3. M\u00e9todo dos M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-4\/\">15.4. Regress\u00e3o de M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-5\/\">15.5. Diagn\u00f3sticos Visuais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-6\/\">15.6. Diagn\u00f3stico Num\u00e9rico<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Main Content --><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow: hidden\">\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">from datascience import *\r\nimport matplotlib\r\npath_data = '..\/..\/assets\/data\/'\r\nmatplotlib.use('Agg')\r\n%matplotlib inline\r\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plots\r\nplots.style.use('fivethirtyeight')\r\nimport numpy as np\r\nnp.set_printoptions(threshold=50)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<h1 id=\"visualization\" style=\"text-align: center\">Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">As tabelas s\u00e3o uma forma poderosa de organizar e visualizar dados. No entanto, grandes tabelas de n\u00fameros podem ser dif\u00edceis de interpretar, n\u00e3o importa qu\u00e3o organizadas sejam. \u00c0s vezes \u00e9 muito mais f\u00e1cil interpretar gr\u00e1ficos do que n\u00fameros.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Neste cap\u00edtulo, desenvolveremos alguns dos m\u00e9todos gr\u00e1ficos fundamentais de an\u00e1lise de dados. Nossa fonte de dados \u00e9 o <a href=\"http:\/\/www.imdb.com\">Internet Movie Database<\/a>, um banco de dados online que cont\u00e9m informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre filmes, programas de televis\u00e3o, videogames e assim por diante. O site <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boxofficemojo.com\">Box Office Mojo<\/a> fornece muitos resumos dos dados do IMDB, alguns dos quais adaptamos. Tamb\u00e9m utilizamos resumos de dados de <a href=\"http:\/\/www.the-numbers.com\">The Numbers<\/a>, um site com um slogan que diz ser &#8220;onde dados e a ind\u00fastria cinematogr\u00e1fica se encontram.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>Graficos de Dispers\u00e3o e Graficos de Linhas<\/h2>\n<p>A tabela <code>actors<\/code> cont\u00e9m dados sobre atores de Hollywood, tanto homens quanto mulheres. As colunas s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Coluna<\/th>\n<th>Conte\u00fado<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Actor<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Nome do ator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Total Gross<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Total da bilheteria dom\u00e9stica, em milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares, de todos os filmes do ator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Number of Movies<\/code><\/td>\n<td>O n\u00famero de filmes em que o ator participou<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Average per Movie<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Total da bilheteria dividido pelo n\u00famero de filmes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Movie #1<\/code><\/td>\n<td>O filme com a maior bilheteria em que o ator participou<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Gross<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Bilheteria dom\u00e9stica, em milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares, do <code>Filme #1<\/code> do ator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">No c\u00e1lculo da bilheteria, os tabuladores de dados n\u00e3o inclu\u00edram filmes em que um ator teve uma participa\u00e7\u00e3o especial ou um papel falado que n\u00e3o envolvesse muito tempo de tela.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A tabela possui 50 linhas, correspondendo aos 50 atores de maior bilheteria. A tabela j\u00e1 est\u00e1 classificada por <code>Total Gross<\/code>, ent\u00e3o \u00e9 f\u00e1cil ver que Harrison Ford \u00e9 o ator com maior bilheteria. No momento em que a tabela foi criada, seus filmes haviam arrecadado mais dinheiro na bilheteria dom\u00e9stica do que os filmes de qualquer outro ator na tabela.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">actors = Table.read_table(path_data + 'actors.csv')\r\nactors<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Actor<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Total Gross<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Number of Movies<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Average per Movie<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">#1 Movie<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Gross<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Harrison Ford<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4871.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">41<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">118.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Star Wars: The Force Awakens<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">936.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Samuel L. Jackson<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4772.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">69<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">69.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Avengers<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">623.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Morgan Freeman<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4468.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">61<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">73.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Dark Knight<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">534.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Tom Hanks<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4340.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">44<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">98.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Toy Story 3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">415<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Robert Downey, Jr.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3947.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">53<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">74.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Avengers<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">623.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Eddie Murphy<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3810.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">38<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">100.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Shrek 2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">441.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Tom Cruise<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3587.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">99.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">War of the Worlds<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">234.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Johnny Depp<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3368.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">45<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">74.9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Dead Man&#8217;s Chest<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">423.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Michael Caine<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3351.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">58<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">57.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Dark Knight<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">534.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Scarlett Johansson<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3341.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">37<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">90.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Avengers<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">623.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"6\">&#8230; (40 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Terminologia.<\/strong><br \/>\nUma <em>vari\u00e1vel<\/em> \u00e9 um nome formal para o que temos chamado de &#8220;caracter\u00edstica&#8221; ou &#8220;atributo&#8221;, como &#8216;number of movies.&#8217; O termo <em>vari\u00e1vel<\/em> enfatiza o ponto de que uma caracter\u00edstica pode ter valores diferentes para diferentes indiv\u00edduos. Por exemplo, os n\u00fameros de filmes em que os atores participaram variam entre todos os atores.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vari\u00e1veis que t\u00eam valores num\u00e9ricos e podem ser medidos numericamente, como &#8216;number of movies&#8217; ou &#8216;average gross receipts per movie&#8217; s\u00e3o chamadas de <em>vari\u00e1veis quantitativas<\/em> ou <em>num\u00e9ricas<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2>Gr\u00e1ficos de Dispers\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Um <em>gr\u00e1fico de dispers\u00e3o<\/em> exibe a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre duas vari\u00e1veis num\u00e9ricas. Voc\u00ea viu um exemplo de um gr\u00e1fico de dispers\u00e3o em uma se\u00e7\u00e3o anterior onde examinamos o n\u00famero de per\u00edodos e o n\u00famero de caracteres em dois romances cl\u00e1ssicos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O m\u00e9todo <code>scatter<\/code> da tabela desenha um gr\u00e1fico de dispers\u00e3o composto por um ponto para cada linha da tabela. Seu primeiro argumento \u00e9 o r\u00f3tulo da coluna a ser plotada no eixo horizontal, e seu segundo argumento \u00e9 o r\u00f3tulo da coluna no eixo vertical.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">actors.scatter('Number of Movies', 'Total Gross')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-430\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-1-300x266.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-1-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-1-360x320.png 360w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-1.png 385w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O gr\u00e1fico cont\u00e9m 50 pontos, um ponto para cada ator na tabela. Voc\u00ea pode ver que ele se inclina para cima, em geral. Quanto mais filmes um ator participa, maior \u00e9 a bilheteria total de todos esses filmes &#8211; em geral.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Formalmente, dizemos que o gr\u00e1fico mostra uma <em>associa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em> entre as vari\u00e1veis e que a associa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 <em>positiva<\/em>: altos valores de uma vari\u00e1vel tendem a estar associados a altos valores da outra, e baixos valores de uma com baixos valores da outra, em geral.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00c9 claro que h\u00e1 alguma variabilidade. Alguns atores t\u00eam um grande n\u00famero de filmes, mas uma bilheteria total mediana. Outros t\u00eam n\u00fameros medianos de filmes, mas bilheterias altas. O fato de a associa\u00e7\u00e3o ser positiva \u00e9 simplesmente uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a tend\u00eancia geral ampla.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mais tarde no curso, estudaremos como quantificar a associa\u00e7\u00e3o. Por enquanto, apenas pensaremos sobre isso de forma qualitativa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Agora que exploramos como o n\u00famero de filmes est\u00e1 relacionado \u00e0 receita bruta <em>total<\/em>, vamos voltar nossa aten\u00e7\u00e3o para como ele est\u00e1 relacionado \u00e0 receita bruta <em>m\u00e9dia<\/em> por filme.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">actors.scatter('Number of Movies', 'Average per Movie')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-431\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-2-300x273.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-2-300x273.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-2-352x320.png 352w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-2.png 376w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Esta \u00e9 uma imagem marcadamente diferente e mostra uma <em>associa\u00e7\u00e3o negativa<\/em>. Em geral, quanto mais filmes um ator participa, <em>menor<\/em> \u00e9 a receita m\u00e9dia por filme.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Al\u00e9m disso, um dos pontos est\u00e1 bastante alto e \u00e0 esquerda do gr\u00e1fico. Corresponde a um ator que tem um baixo n\u00famero de filmes e alta m\u00e9dia por filme. Este ponto \u00e9 um <em>valor at\u00edpico<\/em>. Ele est\u00e1 fora da faixa geral dos dados. De fato, est\u00e1 bastante longe de todos os outros pontos no gr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vamos examinar a associa\u00e7\u00e3o negativa mais detalhadamente, olhando para os pontos nas extremidades direita e esquerda do gr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para a extremidade direita, vamos dar zoom no corpo principal do gr\u00e1fico, olhando apenas para a parte que n\u00e3o tem o valor at\u00edpico.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">no_outlier = actors.where('Number of Movies', are.above(10))\r\nno_outlier.scatter('Number of Movies', 'Average per Movie')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-432\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-3-300x273.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-3-300x273.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-3-352x320.png 352w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-3.png 376w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A associa\u00e7\u00e3o negativa ainda \u00e9 claramente vis\u00edvel. Vamos identificar os atores correspondentes aos pontos que ficam do lado direito do gr\u00e1fico onde o n\u00famero de filmes \u00e9 grande:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">actors.where('Number of Movies', are.above(60))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Actor<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Total Gross<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Number of Movies<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Average per Movie<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">#1 Movie<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Gross<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Samuel L. Jackson<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4772.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">69<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">69.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Avengers<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">623.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Morgan Freeman<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">4468.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">61<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">73.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Dark Knight<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">534.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Robert DeNiro<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3081.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">79<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">39<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Meet the Fockers<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">279.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Liam Neeson<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2942.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">63<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">46.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Phantom Menace<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">474.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O grande ator Robert DeNiro tem o maior n\u00famero de filmes e a menor m\u00e9dia de receita por filme. Outros excelentes atores est\u00e3o em pontos que n\u00e3o est\u00e3o muito longe, mas o de DeNiro est\u00e1 no extremo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para entender a associa\u00e7\u00e3o negativa, observe que quanto mais filmes um ator participa, mais vari\u00e1veis esses filmes podem ser, em termos de estilo, g\u00eanero e bilheteria. Por exemplo, um ator pode estar em alguns filmes de a\u00e7\u00e3o de grande bilheteria ou com\u00e9dias (como Meet the Fockers), e tamb\u00e9m em um grande n\u00famero de filmes menores que podem ser excelentes, mas n\u00e3o atraem grandes multid\u00f5es. Assim, o valor da m\u00e9dia de receitas por filme do ator pode ser relativamente baixo.<\/p>\n<p>Para abordar este argumento de uma dire\u00e7\u00e3o diferente, vamos dar uma olhada no valor at\u00edpico.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">actors.where('Number of Movies', are.below(10))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Actor<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Total Gross<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Number of Movies<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Average per Movie<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">#1 Movie<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Gross<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Anthony Daniels<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3162.9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">451.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Star Wars: The Force Awakens<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">936.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Como ator, Anthony Daniels pode n\u00e3o ter a estatura de Robert DeNiro. Mas seus 7 filmes tiveram uma m\u00e9dia de receita surpreendentemente alta de quase $452 milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares por filme.<\/p>\n<p>Quais foram esses filmes? Voc\u00ea pode conhecer o droide C-3PO em Star Wars:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-436\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/C3PO-156x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/C3PO-156x300.png 156w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/C3PO-167x320.png 167w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/C3PO.png 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 156px) 100vw, 156px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u00c9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Daniels\">Anthony Daniels<\/a> dentro do traje met\u00e1lico. Ele interpreta o C-3PO.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Toda a filmografia do Sr. Daniels (exceto participa\u00e7\u00f5es especiais) consiste em filmes da lucrativa franquia Star Wars. Isso explica tanto sua alta m\u00e9dia de receita quanto seu baixo n\u00famero de filmes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vari\u00e1veis como g\u00eanero e or\u00e7amento de produ\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00eam um efeito na associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre o n\u00famero de filmes e a m\u00e9dia de receita por filme. Este exemplo \u00e9 um lembrete de que estudar a associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre duas vari\u00e1veis muitas vezes envolve entender outras vari\u00e1veis relacionadas tamb\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<h2>Gr\u00e1ficos de Linha<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gr\u00e1ficos de linha, \u00e0s vezes conhecidos como gr\u00e1ficos de linha, est\u00e3o entre as visualiza\u00e7\u00f5es mais comuns. Eles s\u00e3o frequentemente usados para estudar tend\u00eancias e padr\u00f5es cronol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n<p>A tabela <code>movies_by_year<\/code> cont\u00e9m dados sobre filmes produzidos por est\u00fadios dos EUA em cada um dos anos de 1980 a 2015. As colunas s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Coluna<\/strong><\/th>\n<th>Conte\u00fado<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Year<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Total Gross<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Receita bruta total do mercado interno, em milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares, de todos os filmes lan\u00e7ados<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Number of Movies<\/code><\/td>\n<td>N\u00famero de filmes lan\u00e7ados<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>#1 Movie<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Filme de maior bilheteria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">movies_by_year = Table.read_table(path_data + 'movies_by_year.csv')\r\nmovies_by_year<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Year<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Total Gross<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Number of Movies<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">#1 Movie<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2015<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">11128.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">702<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Star Wars: The Force Awakens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">10360.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">702<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">American Sniper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">10923.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">688<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Catching Fire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2012<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">10837.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">667<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Avengers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2011<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">10174.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">602<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Harry Potter \/ Deathly Hallows (P2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2010<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">10565.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">536<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Toy Story 3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2009<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">10595.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">521<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Avatar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2008<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9630.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">608<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Dark Knight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2007<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9663.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">631<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Spider-Man 3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2006<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9209.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">608<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Dead Man&#8217;s Chest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"4\">&#8230; (26 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O m\u00e9todo <code>plot<\/code> da tabela produz um gr\u00e1fico de linha. Seus dois argumentos s\u00e3o os mesmos que aqueles para <code>scatter<\/code>: primeiro a coluna no eixo horizontal, depois a coluna no eixo vertical. Aqui est\u00e1 um gr\u00e1fico de linha do n\u00famero de filmes lan\u00e7ados a cada ano ao longo dos anos de 1980 a 2015.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">movies_by_year.plot('Year', 'Number of Movies')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-433\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-4-300x194.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-4-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-4.png 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O gr\u00e1fico sobe rapidamente e depois tem uma tend\u00eancia suave para cima, embora os n\u00fameros variem perceptivelmente de ano para ano. O r\u00e1pido aumento no in\u00edcio dos anos 1980 \u00e9 devido em parte aos est\u00fadios voltando \u00e0 vanguarda da produ\u00e7\u00e3o cinematogr\u00e1fica ap\u00f3s alguns anos de filmes dirigidos por cineastas na d\u00e9cada de 1970.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nosso foco ser\u00e1 nos anos mais recentes. Mantendo-se no tema de filmes, a tabela de linhas correspondentes aos anos de 2000 a 2015 foi atribu\u00edda ao nome <code>century_21<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">century_21 = movies_by_year.where('Year', are.above(1999))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">century_21.plot('Year', 'Number of Movies')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-434\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-5-300x191.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-5-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-5.png 446w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A crise financeira global de 2008 tem um efeito vis\u00edvel \u2013 em 2009 h\u00e1 uma queda acentuada no n\u00famero de filmes lan\u00e7ados.<\/p>\n<p>Os n\u00fameros do d\u00f3lar, no entanto, n\u00e3o sofreram muito.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">century_21.plot('Year', 'Total Gross')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-435\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-6-300x184.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"184\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-6-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-0-6.png 464w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O total da receita bruta dom\u00e9stica foi maior em 2009 do que em 2008, mesmo com uma crise financeira e um n\u00famero muito menor de filmes lan\u00e7ados.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Uma raz\u00e3o para essa aparente contradi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 que as pessoas tendem a ir ao cinema durante uma recess\u00e3o. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/03\/01\/movies\/01films.html?_r=0\">&#8220;Em Tempos de Crise, Americanos Lotam os Cinemas,&#8221;<\/a> disse o New York Times em fevereiro de 2009. O artigo cita Martin Kaplan da Universidade do Sul da Calif\u00f3rnia dizendo: &#8220;As pessoas querem esquecer seus problemas e querem estar com outras pessoas.&#8221; Quando feriados e mimos caros n\u00e3o s\u00e3o acess\u00edveis, os filmes proporcionam entretenimento e al\u00edvio bem-vindos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Em 2009, outra raz\u00e3o para as altas receitas de bilheteria foi o filme Avatar e seu lan\u00e7amento em 3D. N\u00e3o apenas Avatar foi o #1 filme de 2009, mas tamb\u00e9m, por alguns c\u00e1lculos, \u00e9 um dos filmes de maior bilheteria de todos os tempos, como veremos mais tarde.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">century_21.where('Year', are.equal_to(2009))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Year<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Total Gross<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Number of Movies<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">#1 Movie<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">2009<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">10595.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">521<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Avatar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-4\/\">\u2190 Cap\u00edtulo 6.4 &#8211; Exemplo: Propor\u00e7\u00f5es de Sexos<\/a><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-1\/\">Cap\u00edtulo 7.1 &#8211; Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Categ\u00f3ricas \u2192<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both;height: 1px;margin-top: -1px\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cdndice 1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o 1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais 1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas 1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos 1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios 1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem 2. Causalidade e Experimentos 2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street 2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow 2.3. Estabelecendo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21894,"featured_media":0,"parent":141,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[14],"class_list":["post-425","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21894"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=425"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/425\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":946,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/425\/revisions\/946"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=425"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}