{"id":438,"date":"2025-07-22T20:04:23","date_gmt":"2025-07-23T00:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/?page_id=438"},"modified":"2025-09-29T00:59:06","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T04:59:06","slug":"7-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/data8\/7-0\/7-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Cap\u00edtulo 7.1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"position: relative\">\n<div style=\"float: left;width: 300px;background-color: #f5f5f5;border: 1px solid #ddd;border-radius: 5px;padding: 15px;margin-right: 20px;margin-bottom: 5px;overflow: hidden\">\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0;padding-bottom: 8px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">\u00cdndice<\/h3>\n<ol style=\"margin: 0;padding-left: 0;list-style-type: none\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/\">1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/\">1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-1\/\">1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-2\/\">1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-2\/\">1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/\">1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-1\/\">1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-2\/\">1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/\">2. Causalidade e Experimentos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-1\/\">2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-2\/\">2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-3\/\">2.3. Estabelecendo Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-4\/\">2.4. Randomiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-5\/\">2.5. Notas Finais<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/\">3. Progamando em Python<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-1\/\">3.1. Express\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/\">3.2. Nomes<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/2-1\/\">3.2.1. Exemplo: Taxas de Crescimento<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-3\/\">3.3. Chamadas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-4\/\">3.4. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Tabelas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/\">4. Tipos de Dados<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-1\/\">4.1. N\u00fameros<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/\">4.2. Strings<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/2-1\/\">4.2.1. M\u00e9todos de Strings<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-3\/\">4.3. Compara\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/\">5. Sequ\u00eancias<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-1\/\">5.1. Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-2\/\">5.2. Ranges<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-3\/\">5.3. Mais sobre Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/\">6. Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-1\/\">6.1. Ordenando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-2\/\">6.2. Selecionando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-3\/\">6.3. Exemplo: Tend\u00eancias Populacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-4\/\">6.4. Examplo: Propor\u00e7\u00f5es de Sexos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/\">7. Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-1\/\">7.1. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es<br \/>\nCateg\u00f3ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-2\/\">7.2. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Num\u00e9ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-3\/\">7.3. Gr\u00e1ficos Sobrepostos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/\">8. Fun\u00e7\u00f5es e Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-1\/\">8.1. Aplicando Fun\u00e7\u00e3o a uma Coluna<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-2\/\">8.2. Classificando por uma Vari\u00e1vel<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-3\/\">8.3. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Cruzada<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-4\/\">8.4. Unindo Tabelas por Colunas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-5\/\">8.5. Compartilhamento de Bicicletas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/\">9. Aleatoriedade<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-1\/\">9.1. Declara\u00e7\u00f5es Condicionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-2\/\">9.2. Itera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-3\/\">9.3. Simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-4\/\">9.4. O Problema de Monty Hall<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-5\/\">9.5. Encontrando Probabilidades<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/\">10. Amostragem e Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-1\/\">10.1. Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-2\/\">10.2. Amostragem de uma Popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-3\/\">10.3. Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Emp\u00edrica de uma<br \/>\nEstat\u00edstica<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-4\/\">10.4. Amostragem Aleat\u00f3ria em Python <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/\">11. Testando Hip\u00f3teses<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-1\/\">11.1. Avaliando um Modelo<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-2\/\">11.2. M\u00faltiplas Categorias<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-3\/\">11.3. Decis\u00f5es e Incertezas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-4\/\">11.4. Probabilidades de Erro<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/\">12. Comparando Duas Amostras<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-1\/\">12.1. Teste A\/B<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-2\/\">12.2. Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-3\/\">12.3. Esvaziar<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/\">13. Estima\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-1\/\">13.1. Percentis<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-2\/\">13.2. O Bootstrap<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-3\/\">13.3. Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-4\/\">13.4. Usando Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/\">14. Por que a M\u00e9dia \u00e9 Importante<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-1\/\">14.1. Propriedades da M\u00e9dia<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-2\/\">14.2. Variabilidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-3\/\">14.3. O DP e a Curva Normal<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-4\/\">14.4. Teorema Central do Limite<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-5\/\">14.5. Variabilidade da M\u00e9dia da Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-6\/\">14.6. Escolhendo um Tamanho de Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/\">15. Previs\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-1\/\">15.1. Correla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-2\/\">15.2. Linha de Regress\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-3\/\">15.3. M\u00e9todo dos M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-4\/\">15.4. Regress\u00e3o de M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-5\/\">15.5. Diagn\u00f3sticos Visuais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-6\/\">15.6. Diagn\u00f3stico Num\u00e9rico<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Main Content --><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow: hidden\">\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"visualizando-distribui-es-categ-ricas\" style=\"text-align: center\">Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Categ\u00f3ricas<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Os dados podem assumir muitas formas que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o num\u00e9ricas. Os dados podem ser peda\u00e7os de m\u00fasica, ou lugares em um mapa. Eles tamb\u00e9m podem ser categorias nas quais voc\u00ea pode colocar indiv\u00edduos. Aqui est\u00e3o alguns exemplos de vari\u00e1veis <em>categ\u00f3ricas<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Os indiv\u00edduos s\u00e3o cart\u00f5es de sorvete, e a vari\u00e1vel \u00e9 o sabor no cart\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Os indiv\u00edduos s\u00e3o jogadores profissionais de basquete, e a vari\u00e1vel \u00e9 o time do jogador.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Os indiv\u00edduos s\u00e3o anos, e a vari\u00e1vel \u00e9 o g\u00eanero do filme de maior bilheteria do ano.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Os indiv\u00edduos s\u00e3o respondentes de pesquisa, e a vari\u00e1vel \u00e9 a resposta que escolhem entre &#8220;Nada satisfeito,&#8221; &#8220;Algo satisfeito,&#8221; e &#8220;Muito satisfeito.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A tabela <code>icecream<\/code> cont\u00e9m dados de 30 caixas de sorvetes.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">icecream = Table().with_columns(\r\n    'Flavor', make_array('Chocolate', 'Strawberry', 'Vanilla'),\r\n    'Number of Cartons', make_array(16, 5, 9)\r\n)\r\nicecream<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Flavor<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Number of Cartons<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Chocolate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Strawberry<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Vanilla<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Os <em>valores<\/em> da vari\u00e1vel categ\u00f3rica &#8220;sabor&#8221; s\u00e3o chocolate, morango e baunilha.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cada um dos cart\u00f5es tinha exatamente um dos tr\u00eas sabores. Em uma <em>distribui\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>, cada indiv\u00edduo pertence exatamente a uma categoria e, portanto, tem exatamente um valor. Assim, temos uma distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de sabores.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A tabela mostra o n\u00famero de cart\u00f5es de cada sabor. Chamamos isso de <em>tabela de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>. Uma tabela de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o mostra todos os valores da vari\u00e1vel junto com a frequ\u00eancia de cada um.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"gr-fico-de-barras\">Gr\u00e1fico de Barras<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O gr\u00e1fico de barras \u00e9 uma maneira familiar de visualizar distribui\u00e7\u00f5es categ\u00f3ricas. Ele exibe uma barra para cada categoria. As barras s\u00e3o igualmente espa\u00e7adas e igualmente largas. O comprimento de cada barra \u00e9 proporcional \u00e0 frequ\u00eancia da categoria correspondente.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Desenharemos gr\u00e1ficos de barras com barras horizontais porque \u00e9 mais f\u00e1cil rotular as barras dessa maneira. O m\u00e9todo da Tabela \u00e9, portanto, chamado de <code>barh<\/code>. Ele recebe dois argumentos: o primeiro \u00e9 o r\u00f3tulo da coluna das categorias, e o segundo \u00e9 o r\u00f3tulo da coluna das frequ\u00eancias.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">icecream.barh('Flavor', 'Number of Cartons')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-442\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-1-300x174.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-1-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-1.png 489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Se a tabela consistir apenas de uma coluna de categorias e uma coluna de frequ\u00eancias, como em <code>icecream<\/code>, a chamada do m\u00e9todo \u00e9 ainda mais simples. Voc\u00ea s\u00f3 precisa especificar a coluna que cont\u00e9m as categorias, e <code>barh<\/code> usar\u00e1 os valores na outra coluna como frequ\u00eancias.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">icecream.barh('Flavor')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<h2><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-446\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-2-300x174.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-2-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-2.png 489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2 id=\"aspectos-de-design-de-gr-ficos-de-barras\">Aspectos de Design de Gr\u00e1ficos de Barras<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Al\u00e9m das diferen\u00e7as puramente visuais, h\u00e1 uma distin\u00e7\u00e3o fundamental importante entre gr\u00e1ficos de barras e os dois gr\u00e1ficos que vimos nas se\u00e7\u00f5es anteriores. Aqueles foram o gr\u00e1fico de dispers\u00e3o e o gr\u00e1fico de linha, ambos exibem duas vari\u00e1veis quantitativas &#8211; as vari\u00e1veis em ambos os eixos s\u00e3o quantitativas. Em contraste, o gr\u00e1fico de barras tem categorias em um eixo e quantidades num\u00e9ricas no outro.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Isso tem consequ\u00eancias para o gr\u00e1fico. Primeiro, a largura de cada barra e o espa\u00e7o entre barras consecutivas dependem inteiramente da pessoa que est\u00e1 produzindo o gr\u00e1fico, ou do programa sendo usado para produzi-lo. O Python fez essas escolhas por n\u00f3s. Se voc\u00ea fosse desenhar o gr\u00e1fico de barras \u00e0 m\u00e3o, poderia fazer escolhas completamente diferentes e ainda ter um gr\u00e1fico de barras perfeitamente correto, desde que desenhasse todas as barras com a mesma<br \/>\nlargura e mantivesse todos os espa\u00e7os iguais.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O mais importante \u00e9 que as barras podem ser desenhadas em qualquer ordem. As categorias &#8220;chocolate,&#8221; &#8220;baunilha&#8221; e &#8220;morango&#8221; n\u00e3o t\u00eam uma ordem de classifica\u00e7\u00e3o universal, ao contr\u00e1rio, por exemplo, dos n\u00fameros 5, 7 e 10.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Isso significa que podemos desenhar um gr\u00e1fico de barras que seja mais f\u00e1cil de interpretar, rearranjando as barras em ordem decrescente. Para fazer isso, primeiro rearranjamos as linhas de <code>icecream<\/code> em ordem decrescente de <code>Number of Cartons<\/code>, e ent\u00e3o desenhamos o gr\u00e1fico de barras.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">icecream.sort('Number of Cartons', descending=True).barh('Flavor')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-443\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-3-300x174.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-3-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-3.png 489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Este gr\u00e1fico de barras cont\u00e9m exatamente as mesmas informa\u00e7\u00f5es que os anteriores, mas \u00e9 um pouco mais f\u00e1cil de ler. Embora n\u00e3o haja uma grande melhoria na leitura de um gr\u00e1fico com apenas tr\u00eas barras, pode ser bastante significativo quando o n\u00famero de categorias \u00e9 grande.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"agrupando-dados-categ-ricos\">Agrupando Dados Categ\u00f3ricos<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para construir a tabela <code>icecream<\/code>, algu\u00e9m teve que olhar para todos os 30 potes de sorvete e contar o n\u00famero de cada sabor. Mas se nossa tabela ainda n\u00e3o incluir frequ\u00eancias, precisamos calcular as frequ\u00eancias antes de podermos desenhar um gr\u00e1fico de barras. Aqui est\u00e1 um exemplo em que isso \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A tabela <code>top<\/code> consiste nos filmes com maior bilheteria de todos os tempos dos Estados Unidos, at\u00e9 2017. A primeira coluna cont\u00e9m o t\u00edtulo do filme; <em>Star Wars: O Despertar da For\u00e7a<\/em> tem a maior posi\u00e7\u00e3o, com uma arrecada\u00e7\u00e3o de bilheteria de mais de 900 milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares nos Estados Unidos. A segunda coluna cont\u00e9m o nome do est\u00fadio que produziu o filme. A terceira cont\u00e9m a arrecada\u00e7\u00e3o da bilheteria dom\u00e9stica em d\u00f3lares, e a quarta cont\u00e9m o montante bruto que teria sido obtido com a venda de ingressos a pre\u00e7os de 2016. A quinta cont\u00e9m o ano em que o filme foi lan\u00e7ado.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e1 200 filmes na lista. Aqui est\u00e3o os dez primeiros de acordo com as arrecada\u00e7\u00f5es brutas n\u00e3o ajustadas.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">top = Table.read_table(path_data + 'top_movies_2017.csv')\r\ntop<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Title<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Studio<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Gross<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Gross (Adjusted)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Year<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Gone with the Wind<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">MGM<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">198676459<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1796176700<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1939<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Star Wars<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Fox<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">460998007<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1583483200<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1977<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Sound of Music<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Fox<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">158671368<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1266072700<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1965<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Universal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">435110554<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1261085000<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1982<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Titanic<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Paramount<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">658672302<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1204368000<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1997<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Ten Commandments<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Paramount<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">65500000<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1164590000<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1956<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Jaws<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Universal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">260000000<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1138620700<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1975<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Doctor Zhivago<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">MGM<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">111721910<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1103564200<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1965<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">The Exorcist<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Warner Brothers<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">232906145<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">983226600<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1973<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Snow White and the Seven Dwarves<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Disney<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">184925486<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">969010000<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1937<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"5\">&#8230; (190 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Os est\u00fadios MGM, Fox, Universal e Paramount aparecem mais de uma vez no top dez. Quais est\u00fadios aparecer\u00e3o com mais frequ\u00eancia se olharmos entre todas as 200 linhas?<\/p>\n<p>Para descobrir isso, primeiro observe que tudo o que precisamos \u00e9 de uma tabela com os filmes e os est\u00fadios; as outras informa\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o desnecess\u00e1rias.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">movies_and_studios = top.select('Title', 'Studio')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O m\u00e9todo <code>group<\/code> da Tabela nos permite contar com que frequ\u00eancia cada est\u00fadio aparece na tabela, chamando cada est\u00fadio de uma categoria e coletando todas as linhas em cada uma dessas novas categorias.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O m\u00e9todo <code>group<\/code> recebe como argumento o r\u00f3tulo da coluna que cont\u00e9m as categorias. Ele retorna uma tabela de contagens de linhas em cada categoria.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Portanto, <code>group<\/code> cria uma tabela de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o que mostra como os indiv\u00edduos (filmes) est\u00e3o distribu\u00eddos entre as categorias (est\u00fadios).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O m\u00e9todo <code>group<\/code> lista as categorias em ordem ascendente. Como nossas categorias s\u00e3o nomes de est\u00fadios e, portanto, representadas como strings, a ordem ascendente significa ordem alfab\u00e9tica.<\/p>\n<p>A coluna de contagens \u00e9 sempre chamada <code>count<\/code>, mas voc\u00ea pode mudar isso se quiser usando <code>relabeled<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">studio_distribution = movies_and_studios.group('Studio')\r\nstudio_distribution<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Studio<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">count<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">AVCO<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Buena Vista<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Columbia<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Disney<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Dreamworks<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Fox<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">IFC<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Lionsgate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">MGM<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">Metro<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;font-style: italic\" colspan=\"2\">&#8230; (13 rows omitted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>A tabela mostra que existem 23 est\u00fadios diferentes e d\u00e1 a contagem de filmes lan\u00e7ados por cada um. O total da contagem \u00e9 200, o total de filmes.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">sum(studio_distribution.column('count'))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[1]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Agora podemos usar esta tabela, juntamente com as habilidades gr\u00e1ficas adquiridas acima, para desenhar um gr\u00e1fico de barras que mostra quais est\u00fadios s\u00e3o mais frequentes entre os 200 filmes de maior bilheteria.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">studio_distribution.sort('count', descending=True).barh('Studio')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-444 \" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"418\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-4.png 582w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-4-242x300.png 242w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-4-258x320.png 258w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Buena Vista e Warner Brothers s\u00e3o os est\u00fadios mais comuns entre os 200 melhores filmes. A Warner Brothers produz os filmes de Harry Potter e a Buena Vista produz Star Wars.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"rumo-a-vari-veis-quantitativas\">Rumo a Vari\u00e1veis Quantitativas<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Embora os anos sejam num\u00e9ricos, poder\u00edamos tratar o ano de lan\u00e7amento como uma vari\u00e1vel categ\u00f3rica e plotar sua distribui\u00e7\u00e3o. Ou seja, para cada ano, poder\u00edamos encontrar quantos filmes foram lan\u00e7ados naquele ano e, em seguida, desenhar o gr\u00e1fico de barras dessa distribui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Vamos fazer isso e apenas olhar para os 10 primeiros anos na distribui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">movies_and_years = top.select('Title', 'Year')\r\nmovies_and_years.group('Year').take(np.arange(10)).barh('Year')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-445\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-5-300x229.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-5-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-5-419x320.png 419w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/7-1-5.png 448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Os anos aparecem em ordem crescente porque <code>group<\/code> classifica as categorias de menor para maior. Isso \u00e9 importante aqui porque os anos t\u00eam uma ordem cronol\u00f3gica que precisa ser mantida. Mas h\u00e1 algo inquietante sobre este gr\u00e1fico de barras. As barras em 1921 e 1937 est\u00e3o t\u00e3o distantes umas das outras quanto as barras em 1937 e 1939. O gr\u00e1fico de barras n\u00e3o mostra que nenhum dos 200 filmes foi lan\u00e7ado nos anos de 1922 a 1936, nem em 1938. Essas inconsist\u00eancias e omiss\u00f5es tornam a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o nos primeiros anos dif\u00edcil de entender com base nesta visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de uma vari\u00e1vel categ\u00f3rica pode ser exibida usando um gr\u00e1fico de barras. Mas se a vari\u00e1vel n\u00e3o for categ\u00f3rica, mas quantitativa, ent\u00e3o as rela\u00e7\u00f5es num\u00e9ricas entre seus valores devem ser levadas em conta ao criarmos visualiza\u00e7\u00f5es. Esse \u00e9 o tema da pr\u00f3xima se\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/\">\u2190 Cap\u00edtulo 7 &#8211; Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-2\/\">Cap\u00edtulo 7.2 &#8211; Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Num\u00e9ricas \u2192<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both;height: 1px;margin-top: -1px\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cdndice 1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o 1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais 1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas 1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos 1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios 1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem 2. Causalidade e Experimentos 2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street 2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow 2.3. Estabelecendo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21894,"featured_media":0,"parent":425,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[14],"class_list":["post-438","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/438","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21894"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=438"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/438\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":948,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/438\/revisions\/948"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/425"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=438"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=438"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}