{"id":587,"date":"2025-07-28T14:55:28","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T18:55:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/?page_id=587"},"modified":"2025-10-07T16:43:09","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T20:43:09","slug":"9-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/data8\/9-0\/9-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Cap\u00edtulo 9.2"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"position: relative\">\n<div style=\"float: left;width: 300px;background-color: #f5f5f5;border: 1px solid #ddd;border-radius: 5px;padding: 15px;margin-right: 20px;margin-bottom: 5px;overflow: hidden\">\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0;padding-bottom: 8px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">\u00cdndice<\/h3>\n<ol style=\"margin: 0;padding-left: 0;list-style-type: none\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/\">1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/\">1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-1\/\">1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-2\/\">1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-2\/\">1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/\">1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-1\/\">1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-2\/\">1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/\">2. Causalidade e Experimentos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-1\/\">2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-2\/\">2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-3\/\">2.3. Estabelecendo Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-4\/\">2.4. Randomiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-5\/\">2.5. Notas Finais<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/\">3. Progamando em Python<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-1\/\">3.1. Express\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/\">3.2. Nomes<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/2-1\/\">3.2.1. Exemplo: Taxas de Crescimento<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-3\/\">3.3. Chamadas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-4\/\">3.4. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Tabelas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/\">4. Tipos de Dados<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-1\/\">4.1. N\u00fameros<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/\">4.2. Strings<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/2-1\/\">4.2.1. M\u00e9todos de Strings<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-3\/\">4.3. Compara\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/\">5. Sequ\u00eancias<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-1\/\">5.1. Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-2\/\">5.2. Ranges<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-3\/\">5.3. Mais sobre Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/\">6. Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-1\/\">6.1. Ordenando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-2\/\">6.2. Selecionando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-3\/\">6.3. Exemplo: Tend\u00eancias Populacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-4\/\">6.4. Examplo: Propor\u00e7\u00f5es de Sexos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/\">7. Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-1\/\">7.1. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es<br \/>\nCateg\u00f3ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-2\/\">7.2. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Num\u00e9ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-3\/\">7.3. Gr\u00e1ficos Sobrepostos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/\">8. Fun\u00e7\u00f5es e Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-1\/\">8.1. Aplicando Fun\u00e7\u00e3o a uma Coluna<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-2\/\">8.2. Classificando por uma Vari\u00e1vel<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-3\/\">8.3. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Cruzada<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-4\/\">8.4. Unindo Tabelas por Colunas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-5\/\">8.5. Compartilhamento de Bicicletas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/\">9. Aleatoriedade<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-1\/\">9.1. Declara\u00e7\u00f5es Condicionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-2\/\">9.2. Itera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-3\/\">9.3. Simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-4\/\">9.4. O Problema de Monty Hall<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-5\/\">9.5. Encontrando Probabilidades<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/\">10. Amostragem e Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-1\/\">10.1. Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-2\/\">10.2. Amostragem de uma Popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-3\/\">10.3. Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Emp\u00edrica de uma<br \/>\nEstat\u00edstica<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-4\/\">10.4. Amostragem Aleat\u00f3ria em Python <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/\">11. Testando Hip\u00f3teses<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-1\/\">11.1. Avaliando um Modelo<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-2\/\">11.2. M\u00faltiplas Categorias<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-3\/\">11.3. Decis\u00f5es e Incertezas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-4\/\">11.4. Probabilidades de Erro<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/\">12. Comparando Duas Amostras<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-1\/\">12.1. Teste A\/B<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-2\/\">12.2. Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-3\/\">12.3. Esvaziar<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/\">13. Estima\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-1\/\">13.1. Percentis<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-2\/\">13.2. O Bootstrap<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-3\/\">13.3. Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-4\/\">13.4. Usando Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/\">14. Por que a M\u00e9dia \u00e9 Importante<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-1\/\">14.1. Propriedades da M\u00e9dia<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-2\/\">14.2. Variabilidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-3\/\">14.3. O DP e a Curva Normal<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-4\/\">14.4. Teorema Central do Limite<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-5\/\">14.5. Variabilidade da M\u00e9dia da Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-6\/\">14.6. Escolhendo um Tamanho de Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/\">15. Previs\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-1\/\">15.1. Correla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-2\/\">15.2. Linha de Regress\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-3\/\">15.3. M\u00e9todo dos M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-4\/\">15.4. Regress\u00e3o de M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-5\/\">15.5. Diagn\u00f3sticos Visuais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-6\/\">15.6. Diagn\u00f3stico Num\u00e9rico<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Main Content --><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow: hidden\">\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">from datascience import *\r\npath_data = '..\/..\/..\/assets\/data\/'\r\nimport matplotlib\r\nmatplotlib.use('Agg')\r\n%matplotlib inline\r\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plots\r\nplots.style.use('fivethirtyeight')\r\nimport numpy as np<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 id=\"iteracao\" style=\"text-align: center\">Itera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00c9 frequentemente o caso na programa\u00e7\u00e3o &#8211; especialmente ao lidar com aleatoriedade &#8211; que queremos repetir um processo v\u00e1rias vezes. Por exemplo, lembre-se do jogo de apostar em um lan\u00e7amento de um dado com as seguintes regras:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Se o dado mostrar 1 ou 2 pontos, meu ganho l\u00edquido \u00e9 -1 d\u00f3lar.<\/li>\n<li>Se o dado mostrar 3 ou 4 pontos, meu ganho l\u00edquido \u00e9 0 d\u00f3lares.<\/li>\n<li>Se o dado mostrar 5 ou 6 pontos, meu ganho l\u00edquido \u00e9 1 d\u00f3lar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A fun\u00e7\u00e3o <code>apostar_em_um_lan\u00e7amento<\/code> n\u00e3o recebe argumentos. Cada vez que \u00e9 chamada, simula um lan\u00e7amento de um dado justo e retorna o ganho l\u00edquido em d\u00f3lares.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">def bet_on_one_roll():\r\n    \"\"\"Retorna meu ganho l\u00edquido em uma aposta\"\"\"\r\n    x = np.random.choice(np.arange(1, 7))  # jogue um dado uma vez e registre o n\u00famero de pontos\r\n    if x &lt;= 2:\r\n        return -1\r\n    elif x &lt;= 4:\r\n        return 0\r\n    elif x &lt;= 6:\r\n        return 1<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Playing this game once is easy:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">bet_on_one_roll()<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[1]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para ter uma ideia de qu\u00e3o vari\u00e1veis s\u00e3o os resultados, precisamos jogar o jogo v\u00e1rias vezes. Poder\u00edamos executar a c\u00e9lula repetidamente, mas isso \u00e9 tedioso, e se quisermos fazer isso mil vezes ou um milh\u00e3o de vezes, esque\u00e7a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o mais automatizada \u00e9 usar uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> para percorrer o conte\u00fado de uma sequ\u00eancia. Isso \u00e9 chamado de <em>itera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>. Uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> come\u00e7a com a palavra <code>for<\/code>, seguida por um nome que queremos dar a cada item na sequ\u00eancia, seguida pela palavra <code>in<\/code>, e terminando com\u00a0a pr\u00f3pria sequ\u00eancia a ser percorrida. O corpo indentado da declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> \u00e9 executado uma vez <em>para cada item nessa sequ\u00eancia<\/em>.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">for animal in make_array('cat', 'dog', 'rabbit'):\r\n    print(animal)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">cat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">dog<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">rabbit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00c9 \u00fatil escrever c\u00f3digo que replique exatamente uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code>, sem usar a pr\u00f3pria declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> simplesmente replica o c\u00f3digo dentro dela, mas antes de cada itera\u00e7\u00e3o, ela atribui um novo valor da sequ\u00eancia fornecida ao nome que escolhemos. Por exemplo, aqui est\u00e1 uma vers\u00e3o desenrolada do loop acima.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">animal = make_array('cat', 'dog', 'rabbit').item(0)\r\nprint(animal)\r\nanimal = make_array('cat', 'dog', 'rabbit').item(1)\r\nprint(animal)\r\nanimal = make_array('cat', 'dog', 'rabbit').item(2)\r\nprint(animal)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">cat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">dog<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">rabbit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Observe que o nome <code>animal<\/code> \u00e9 arbitr\u00e1rio, assim como qualquer nome que atribu\u00edmos com <code>=<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Aqui usamos uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> de maneira mais realista: imprimimos os resultados de apostar cinco vezes no dado conforme descrito anteriormente. Isso \u00e9 chamado de <em>simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em> dos resultados de cinco apostas. Usamos a palavra <em>simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em> para nos lembrar de que n\u00e3o estamos rolando dados e trocando dinheiro fisicamente, mas usando o Python para imitar o processo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para repetir um processo <code>n<\/code> vezes, \u00e9 comum usar a sequ\u00eancia <code>np.arange(n)<\/code> na declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code>. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 comum usar um nome muito curto para cada item. Em nosso c\u00f3digo, usaremos o nome <code>i<\/code> para nos lembrar de que se refere a um item.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">for i in np.arange(5):\r\n    print(bet_on_one_roll())<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Neste caso, simplesmente executamos exatamente a mesma a\u00e7\u00e3o (aleat\u00f3ria) v\u00e1rias vezes, de modo que o c\u00f3digo no corpo da nossa instru\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> na verdade n\u00e3o se refere a <code>i<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2>Aumentando Arrays<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Embora a declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> acima simule os resultados de cinco apostas, os resultados s\u00e3o simplesmente impressos e n\u00e3o est\u00e3o em uma forma que podemos usar para c\u00e1lculos. Qualquer array de resultados seria mais \u00fatil. Assim, um uso t\u00edpico de uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> \u00e9 criar um array de resultados, aumentando o array a cada vez.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O m\u00e9todo <code>append<\/code> em <code>NumPy<\/code> nos ajuda a fazer isso. A chamada <code>np.append(array_name, value)<\/code> retorna um novo array que \u00e9 <code>array_name<\/code> acrecido por <code>value<\/code>. Ao usar <code>append<\/code>, tenha em mente que todas as entradas de um array devem ser do o mesmo tipo.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">pets = make_array('Cat', 'Dog')\r\nnp.append(pets, 'Another Pet')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[5]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([&#8216;Cat&#8217;, &#8216;Dog&#8217;, &#8216;Another Pet&#8217;], dtype=&#8217;<br \/>\n&lt;U11<br \/>\n&#8216;)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Isso mant\u00e9m o array <code>pets<\/code> inalterado:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">pets<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[6]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([&#8216;Cat&#8217;, &#8216;Dog&#8217;], dtype=&#8217;<br \/>\n&lt;U3<br \/>\n&#8216;)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mas muitas vezes, ao usar loops <code>for<\/code>, ser\u00e1 conveniente modificar um array &#8211; isto \u00e9, alter\u00e1-lo &#8211; ao aument\u00e1-lo. Isso \u00e9 feito atribuindo ao array aumentado o mesmo nome do original.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">pets = np.append(pets, 'Another Pet')\r\npets<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[7]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([&#8216;Cat&#8217;, &#8216;Dog&#8217;, &#8216;Another Pet&#8217;], dtype=&#8217;<br \/>\n&lt;U11<br \/>\n&#8216;)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Exemplo: Apostando em 5 Rolagens<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Agora podemos simular cinco apostas no dado e coletar os resultados em uma matriz que chamaremos de <em>matriz de cole\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>. Come\u00e7aremos criando uma matriz vazia para isso e, em seguida, anexaremos o resultado de cada aposta. Observe que o corpo do la\u00e7o <code>for<\/code> cont\u00e9m duas declara\u00e7\u00f5es. Ambas as declara\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o executadas para cada item na sequ\u00eancia fornecida.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">outcomes = make_array()\r\n\r\nfor i in np.arange(5):\r\n    outcome_of_bet = bet_on_one_roll()\r\n    outcomes = np.append(outcomes, outcome_of_bet)\r\n    \r\noutcomes<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[8]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([-1., -1., 1., 1., -1.])<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vamos reescrever a c\u00e9lula com a instru\u00e7\u00e3o <code>for<\/code> desenrolada:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">outcomes = make_array()\r\n\r\ni = np.arange(5).item(0)\r\noutcome_of_bet = bet_on_one_roll()\r\noutcomes = np.append(outcomes, outcome_of_bet)\r\n\r\ni = np.arange(5).item(1)\r\noutcome_of_bet = bet_on_one_roll()\r\noutcomes = np.append(outcomes, outcome_of_bet)\r\n\r\ni = np.arange(5).item(2)\r\noutcome_of_bet = bet_on_one_roll()\r\noutcomes = np.append(outcomes, outcome_of_bet)\r\n\r\ni = np.arange(5).item(3)\r\noutcome_of_bet = bet_on_one_roll()\r\noutcomes = np.append(outcomes, outcome_of_bet)\r\n\r\ni = np.arange(5).item(4)\r\noutcome_of_bet = bet_on_one_roll()\r\noutcomes = np.append(outcomes, outcome_of_bet)\r\n\r\noutcomes<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[9]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([ 1., 0., 0., -1., 1.])<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O conte\u00fado do array provavelmente ser\u00e1 diferente do array que obtivemos ao executar a c\u00e9lula anterior, mas isso se deve \u00e0 aleatoriedade no lan\u00e7amento do dado. O processo de cria\u00e7\u00e3o do array \u00e9 exatamente o mesmo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ao capturar os resultados em um array, demos a n\u00f3s mesmos a capacidade de usar m\u00e9todos de array para fazer c\u00e1lculos. Por exemplo, podemos usar <code>np.count_nonzero<\/code> para contar o n\u00famero de vezes que o dinheiro mudou de m\u00e3os.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">np.count_nonzero(outcomes)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[10]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Exemplo: Apostando em 300 Rolagens<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A itera\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma t\u00e9cnica poderosa. Por exemplo, podemos ver a varia\u00e7\u00e3o nos resultados de 300 apostas executando exatamente o mesmo c\u00f3digo para 300 apostas em vez de cinco.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">outcomes = make_array()\r\n\r\nfor i in np.arange(300):\r\n    outcome_of_bet = bet_on_one_roll()\r\n    outcomes = np.append(outcomes, outcome_of_bet)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A matriz <code>outcomes<\/code> cont\u00e9m os resultados de todas as 300 apostas.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">len(outcomes)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[11]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para ver com que frequ\u00eancia os tr\u00eas diferentes resultados poss\u00edveis apareceram, podemos usar os m\u00e9todos de array <code>outcomes<\/code> e <code>Table<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">outcome_table = Table().with_column('Outcome', outcomes)\r\noutcome_table.group('Outcome').barh(0)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-591\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/9-2-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"437\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/9-2-1.png 437w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/9-2-1-300x195.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u00e3o surpreendentemente, cada um dos tr\u00eas resultados -1, 0 e 1 apareceu cerca de 100 vezes em 300, com alguma varia\u00e7\u00e3o. Vamos examinar os valores de &#8220;com alguma varia\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; mais de perto nos cap\u00edtulos seguintes.<\/p>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-1\/\">\u2190 Cap\u00edtulo 9.1 &#8211; Declara\u00e7\u00f5es Condicionais<\/a><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-3\">Cap\u00edtulo 9.3 &#8211; Simula\u00e7\u00e3o \u2192<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both;height: 1px;margin-top: -1px\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cdndice 1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o 1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais 1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas 1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos 1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios 1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem 2. Causalidade e Experimentos 2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street 2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow 2.3. Estabelecendo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21894,"featured_media":0,"parent":576,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[14],"class_list":["post-587","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/587","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21894"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=587"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/587\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":988,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/587\/revisions\/988"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=587"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=587"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}