{"id":600,"date":"2025-07-28T15:16:41","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T19:16:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/?page_id=600"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:18:20","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T19:18:20","slug":"9-4","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/data8\/9-0\/9-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Cap\u00edtulo 9.4"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"position: relative\">\n<div style=\"float: left;width: 300px;background-color: #f5f5f5;border: 1px solid #ddd;border-radius: 5px;padding: 15px;margin-right: 20px;margin-bottom: 5px;overflow: hidden\">\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0;padding-bottom: 8px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">\u00cdndice<\/h3>\n<ol style=\"margin: 0;padding-left: 0;list-style-type: none\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/\">1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/\">1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-1\/\">1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-1\/1-2\/\">1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-2\/\">1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados?<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/\">1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-1\/\">1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/1-0\/1-3\/3-2\/\">1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/\">2. Causalidade e Experimentos<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-1\/\">2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-2\/\">2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-3\/\">2.3. Estabelecendo Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-4\/\">2.4. Randomiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/2-0\/2-5\/\">2.5. Notas Finais<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/\">3. Progamando em Python<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-1\/\">3.1. Express\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/\">3.2. Nomes<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-2\/2-1\/\">3.2.1. Exemplo: Taxas de Crescimento<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-3\/\">3.3. Chamadas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/3-0\/3-4\/\">3.4. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Tabelas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/\">4. Tipos de Dados<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-1\/\">4.1. N\u00fameros<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/\">4.2. Strings<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-2\/2-1\/\">4.2.1. M\u00e9todos de Strings<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/4-0\/4-3\/\">4.3. Compara\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/\">5. Sequ\u00eancias<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-1\/\">5.1. Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-2\/\">5.2. Ranges<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/5-0\/5-3\/\">5.3. Mais sobre Arrays<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/\">6. Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-1\/\">6.1. Ordenando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-2\/\">6.2. Selecionando Linhas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-3\/\">6.3. Exemplo: Tend\u00eancias Populacionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/6-0\/6-4\/\">6.4. Examplo: Propor\u00e7\u00f5es de Sexos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/\">7. Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-1\/\">7.1. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es<br \/>\nCateg\u00f3ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-2\/\">7.2. Visualizando Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Num\u00e9ricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/7-0\/7-3\/\">7.3. Gr\u00e1ficos Sobrepostos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/\">8. Fun\u00e7\u00f5es e Tabelas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-1\/\">8.1. Aplicando Fun\u00e7\u00e3o a uma Coluna<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-2\/\">8.2. Classificando por uma Vari\u00e1vel<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-3\/\">8.3. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Cruzada<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-4\/\">8.4. Unindo Tabelas por Colunas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/8-0\/8-5\/\">8.5. Compartilhamento de Bicicletas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/\">9. Aleatoriedade<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-1\/\">9.1. Declara\u00e7\u00f5es Condicionais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-2\/\">9.2. Itera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-3\/\">9.3. Simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-4\/\">9.4. O Problema de Monty Hall<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-5\/\">9.5. Encontrando Probabilidades<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/\">10. Amostragem e Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-1\/\">10.1. Distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Emp\u00edricas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-2\/\">10.2. Amostragem de uma Popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-3\/\">10.3. Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Emp\u00edrica de uma<br \/>\nEstat\u00edstica<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/10-0\/10-4\/\">10.4. Amostragem Aleat\u00f3ria em Python <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/\">11. Testando Hip\u00f3teses<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-1\/\">11.1. Avaliando um Modelo<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-2\/\">11.2. M\u00faltiplas Categorias<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-3\/\">11.3. Decis\u00f5es e Incertezas<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/11-0\/11-4\/\">11.4. Probabilidades de Erro<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/\">12. Comparando Duas Amostras<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-1\/\">12.1. Teste A\/B<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-2\/\">12.2. Causalidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/12-0\/12-3\/\">12.3. Esvaziar<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/\">13. Estima\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-1\/\">13.1. Percentis<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-2\/\">13.2. O Bootstrap<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-3\/\">13.3. Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/13-0\/13-4\/\">13.4. Usando Intervalos de Confian\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/\">14. Por que a M\u00e9dia \u00e9 Importante<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-1\/\">14.1. Propriedades da M\u00e9dia<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-2\/\">14.2. Variabilidade<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-3\/\">14.3. O DP e a Curva Normal<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-4\/\">14.4. Teorema Central do Limite<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-5\/\">14.5. Variabilidade da M\u00e9dia da Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/14-0\/14-6\/\">14.6. Escolhendo um Tamanho de Amostra<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 5px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/\">15. Previs\u00e3o<\/a>\n<ul style=\"margin: 5px 0 5px 15px;padding-left: 10px;list-style-type: none;border-left: 1px solid #ddd\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-1\/\">15.1. Correla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-2\/\">15.2. Linha de Regress\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-3\/\">15.3. M\u00e9todo dos M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-4\/\">15.4. Regress\u00e3o de M\u00ednimos Quadrados<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-5\/\">15.5. Diagn\u00f3sticos Visuais<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 3px\"><a style=\"padding: 2px 0\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/15-0\/15-6\/\">15.6. Diagn\u00f3stico Num\u00e9rico<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Main Content --><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow: hidden\">\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">from datascience import *\r\npath_data = '..\/..\/..\/assets\/data\/'\r\nimport matplotlib\r\nmatplotlib.use('Agg')\r\n%matplotlib inline\r\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plots\r\nplots.style.use('fivethirtyeight')\r\nimport numpy as np<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 id=\"problema-monty-hall\" style=\"text-align: center\">O Problema de Monty Hall<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Este <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monty_Hall_problem\">problema<\/a> tem confundido muitas pessoas ao longo dos anos, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140413131827\/http:\/\/www.decisionsciences.org\/DecisionLine\/Vol30\/30_1\/vazs30_1.pdf\">incluindo matem\u00e1ticos<\/a>. Vamos ver se conseguimos resolv\u00ea-lo por meio de simula\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O cen\u00e1rio \u00e9 derivado de um programa de televis\u00e3o chamado &#8220;Let&#8217;s Make a Deal&#8221;. Monty Hall apresentou este programa nos anos 60, e desde ent\u00e3o gerou v\u00e1rios spin-offs. Uma parte emocionante do programa era que, enquanto os participantes tinham a chance de ganhar grandes pr\u00eamios, eles poderiam acabar com &#8220;zonks&#8221; que eram menos desej\u00e1veis. Esta \u00e9 a base para o que agora \u00e9 conhecido como <em>o problema de Monty Hall<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O cen\u00e1rio \u00e9 um game show no qual o participante se depara com tr\u00eas portas fechadas. Atr\u00e1s de uma das portas est\u00e1 um carro luxuoso, e atr\u00e1s de cada uma das outras duas h\u00e1 um bode. O participante n\u00e3o sabe onde est\u00e1 o carro e deve tentar encontr\u00e1-lo sob as seguintes regras.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>O participante faz uma escolha inicial, mas essa porta n\u00e3o \u00e9 aberta.<\/li>\n<li>Pelo menos uma das outras duas portas deve ter um bode atr\u00e1s dela. Monty abre uma dessas portas para revelar um bode, exibido em toda a sua gl\u00f3ria na <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monty_Hall_problem\">Wikipedia<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-602\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/9-4-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"122\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Restam duas portas, uma das quais era a escolha original do participante. Uma das portas tem o carro atr\u00e1s dela, e a outra tem um bode. O participante agora pode escolher qual das duas portas abrir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O participante tem uma decis\u00e3o a tomar. Qual porta ela deve escolher para abrir, se quiser o carro? Ela deve manter sua escolha inicial ou trocar para a outra porta? Esse \u00e9 o problema de Monty Hall.<\/p>\n<h2>A Solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Em qualquer problema envolvendo chances, as suposi\u00e7\u00f5es sobre aleatoriedade s\u00e3o importantes. \u00c9 razo\u00e1vel supor que h\u00e1 uma chance de 1\/3 de que a escolha inicial do participante seja a porta que tem o carro atr\u00e1s dela.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A solu\u00e7\u00e3o para o problema \u00e9 bastante direta sob essa suposi\u00e7\u00e3o, embora a solu\u00e7\u00e3o direta n\u00e3o conven\u00e7a a todos. Aqui est\u00e1 ela de qualquer maneira.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A chance de que o carro esteja atr\u00e1s da porta escolhida inicialmente \u00e9 de 1\/3.<\/li>\n<li>O carro est\u00e1 atr\u00e1s da porta escolhida inicialmente ou da porta que resta. N\u00e3o pode estar em outro lugar.<\/li>\n<li>Portanto, a chance de que o carro esteja atr\u00e1s da porta que resta \u00e9 de 2\/3.<\/li>\n<li>Portanto, o participante deve trocar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00c9 isso. Fim da hist\u00f3ria.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u00e3o est\u00e1 convencido? Ent\u00e3o vamos simular o jogo e ver como os resultados se desenrolam.<\/p>\n<h2>Simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A simula\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 mais complexa do que as que fizemos at\u00e9 agora. Vamos dividi-la.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Passo 1: O que Simular<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para cada jogo, vamos simular o que est\u00e1 atr\u00e1s das tr\u00eas portas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a que o participante escolhe primeiro<\/li>\n<li>a que Monty abre<\/li>\n<li>a porta restante<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Assim, vamos acompanhar tr\u00eas quantidades, n\u00e3o apenas uma.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Passo 2: Simulando um Jogo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Como \u00e9 frequente em simula\u00e7\u00f5es de jogos, a maior parte do trabalho consiste em simular uma partida do jogo. Isso envolve v\u00e1rias partes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Os bodes:<\/strong> Come\u00e7amos configurando uma array <code>goats<\/code> que cont\u00e9m nomes pouco imaginativos para os dois bodes.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">goats = make_array('first goat', 'second goat')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para ajudar Monty a conduzir o jogo, teremos que identificar qual cabra est\u00e1 selecionada e qual est\u00e1 revelada atr\u00e1s da porta aberta. A fun\u00e7\u00e3o <code>other_goat<\/code> pega uma cabra e devolve a outra.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">def other_goat(x):\r\n    if x == 'first goat':\r\n        return 'second goat'\r\n    elif x == 'second goat':\r\n        return 'first goat'<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">other_goat('first goat'), other_goat('second goat'), other_goat('watermelon')<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[1]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">(&#8216;second goat&#8217;, &#8216;first goat&#8217;, None)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A string <code>watermelon<\/code> n\u00e3o \u00e9 o nome de uma das cabras, ent\u00e3o quando <code>watermelon<\/code> \u00e9 a entrada, <code>other_goat<\/code> n\u00e3o faz nada.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>As op\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/strong> O array <code>hidden_behind_doors<\/code> cont\u00e9m as tr\u00eas coisas que est\u00e3o atr\u00e1s das portas.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">hidden_behind_doors = np.append(goats, 'car')\r\nhidden_behind_doors<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[2]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">array([&#8216;first goat&#8217;, &#8216;second goat&#8217;, &#8216;car&#8217;], dtype='&lt;U11&#8242;)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Agora estamos prontos para simular uma jogada. Para fazer isso, vamos definir uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o <code>monty_hall_game<\/code> que n\u00e3o recebe argumentos. Quando a fun\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 chamada, ela joga o jogo de Monty uma vez e retorna uma lista consistindo de:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a escolha do participante<\/li>\n<li>o que Monty revela quando ele abre uma porta<\/li>\n<li>o que permanece atr\u00e1s da outra porta<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O jogo come\u00e7a com o participante escolhendo uma porta aleatoriamente. Ao fazer isso, o participante faz uma escolha aleat\u00f3ria entre o primeiro bode, o segundo bode e o carro.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Se o participante escolher um dos bodes, ent\u00e3o o outro bode \u00e9 revelado e o carro est\u00e1 atr\u00e1s da porta restante.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Se o participante escolher o carro, ent\u00e3o Monty revela um dos bodes e o outro bode est\u00e1 atr\u00e1s da porta restante.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">def monty_hall_game():\r\n    \"\"\"Return \r\n    [contestant's guess, what Monty reveals, what remains behind the other door]\"\"\"\r\n    \r\n    contestant_guess = np.random.choice(hidden_behind_doors)\r\n    \r\n    if contestant_guess == 'first goat':\r\n        return [contestant_guess, 'second goat', 'car']\r\n    \r\n    if contestant_guess == 'second goat':\r\n        return [contestant_guess, 'first goat', 'car']\r\n    \r\n    if contestant_guess == 'car':\r\n        revealed = np.random.choice(goats)\r\n        return [contestant_guess, revealed, other_goat(revealed)]<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vamos brincar! Execute a c\u00e9lula v\u00e1rias vezes e veja como os resultados mudam.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">monty_hall_game()<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-spacing: 0;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;color: #888;padding-right: 0.5em\">Out[3]:<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">[&#8216;car&#8217;, &#8216;first goat&#8217;, &#8216;second goat&#8217;]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Passo 3: N\u00famero de Repeti\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para medir a frequ\u00eancia com que os diferentes resultados ocorrem, precisamos jogar o jogo muitas vezes e coletar os resultados. Vamos executar 10.000 repeti\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Passo 4: Simulando M\u00faltiplas Repeti\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00c9 hora de rodar toda a simula\u00e7\u00e3o. Mas, ao contr\u00e1rio das nossas simula\u00e7\u00f5es anteriores, em que cada simula\u00e7\u00e3o produzia um \u00fanico valor, neste exemplo simulamos uma lista de tr\u00eas valores cada vez.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vamos tratar essa lista simulada como uma linha de uma tabela. Ent\u00e3o, em vez de come\u00e7ar com uma array vazia e aument\u00e1-la com cada novo valor simulado, come\u00e7aremos com uma tabela vazia e aumentaremos a tabela com cada nova linha simulada. Cada linha conter\u00e1 o resultado completo de um jogo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Uma maneira de aumentar uma tabela adicionando uma nova linha \u00e9 usar o m\u00e9todo <code>append<\/code>. Se <code>my_table<\/code> for uma tabela e <code>new_row<\/code> for uma lista contendo os elementos de uma nova linha, ent\u00e3o <code>my_table.append(new_row)<\/code> adiciona a nova linha ao final de <code>my_table<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Note que <code>append<\/code> n\u00e3o cria uma nova tabela. Ele altera <code>my_table<\/code> para ter uma linha a mais do que tinha antes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Come\u00e7aremos com uma tabela de coleta <code>games<\/code> que possui tr\u00eas colunas vazias. Podemos fazer isso apenas especificando uma lista de r\u00f3tulos de coluna na mesma ordem em que <code>monty_hall_game<\/code> retorna o resultado de um jogo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Agora podemos adicionar 10.000 linhas a <code>games<\/code>. Cada linha representar\u00e1 o resultado de uma jogada do jogo de Monty.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\"># tabela de cole\u00e7\u00e3o vazia\r\ngames = Table(['Guess', 'Revealed', 'Remaining'])\r\n\r\n# Jogue o jogo 10.000 vezes e \r\n# registre os resultados nos jogos de mesa\r\n\r\nfor i in np.arange(10000):\r\n    games.append(monty_hall_game())<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A simula\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 conclu\u00edda. Observe como o c\u00f3digo \u00e9 curto. A maior parte do trabalho foi feita na simula\u00e7\u00e3o do resultado de um jogo.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">games.show(3)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Guess<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Revealed<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Remaining<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">first goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">second goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">car<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">first goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">second goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">car<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">car<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">first goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">second goat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para ver se o competidor deve manter sua escolha ou troca original, vamos ver com que frequ\u00eancia o carro fica atr\u00e1s de cada uma de suas duas op\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u00e3o \u00e9 nenhuma surpresa que as tr\u00eas portas apare\u00e7am com a mesma frequ\u00eancia que a suposi\u00e7\u00e3o original do competidor.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">original_choice = games.group('Guess')\r\noriginal_choice<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Guess<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">count<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">car<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3319<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">first goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3311<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">second goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3370<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Depois que Monty eliminou uma cabra, com que frequ\u00eancia o carro fica atr\u00e1s da porta restante?<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">remaining_door = games.group('Remaining')\r\nremaining_door<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Remaining<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">count<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">car<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">6681<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">first goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1176<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">second goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Como disse nossa solu\u00e7\u00e3o anterior, o carro fica atr\u00e1s da porta restante dois ter\u00e7os do tempo, com uma boa aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o. O competidor tem duas vezes mais chances de conseguir o carro se trocar do que se continuar com sua escolha original.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para ver isso graficamente, podemos juntar as duas tabelas acima e desenhar gr\u00e1ficos de barras sobrepostos.<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">joined = original_choice.join('Guess', remaining_door, 'Remaining')\r\ncombined = joined.relabeled(0, 'Item').relabeled(1, 'Original Door').relabeled(2, 'Remaining Door')\r\ncombined<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<table style=\"font-family: monospace;border-collapse: collapse;width: auto;margin-left: 1em\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Item<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Original Door<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;padding: 4px 8px\">Remaining Door<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">car<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3319<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">6681<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f8f8f8\">\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">first goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3311<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1676<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">second goat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">3370<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 4px 8px;border: 1px solid #ddd\">1643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><code><span style=\"color: black\">combined.barh(0)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-603\" src=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/9-4-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"690\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/9-4-2.png 690w, https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/files\/2025\/07\/9-4-2-300x115.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Observe como as tr\u00eas barras azuis s\u00e3o quase iguais \u2013 a escolha original tem a mesma probabilidade de ser qualquer um dos tr\u00eas itens dispon\u00edveis. Mas a barra dourada correspondente a <code>Car<\/code> \u00e9 duas vezes mais longa que a azul.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A simula\u00e7\u00e3o confirma que a competidora tem duas vezes mais chances de vencer se mudar.<\/p>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-3\/\">\u2190 Cap\u00edtulo 9.3 &#8211; Simula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><a class=\"next-page-link\" href=\"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/data8\/9-0\/9-5\/\">Cap\u00edtulo 9.5 &#8211; Encontrando Probabilidades \u2192<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--###########################################################################################################################################################--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both;height: 1px;margin-top: -1px\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cdndice 1. O que \u00e9 Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.1. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o 1.1.1. Ferramentas Computacionais 1.1.2. T\u00e9cnicas Estat\u00edsticas 1.2. Por que Ci\u00eancia de Dados? 1.3. Tra\u00e7ando os Cl\u00e1ssicos 1.3.1. Personagens Liter\u00e1rios 1.3.2. Outro Tipo de Personagem 2. Causalidade e Experimentos 2.1. John Snow e a Bomba da Broad Street 2.2. O &#8220;Grande Experimento&#8221; de Snow 2.3. Estabelecendo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21894,"featured_media":0,"parent":576,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[14],"class_list":["post-600","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21894"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=600"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":605,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/600\/revisions\/605"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/literaciadigital.ufms.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}